Fall 2016 Religious Holidays

For several years now, I have posted as a reference overviews for many of the religious observances for Bahai'ism, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, neo-Paganism, Sikhism and Wicca. This is intended to allow those teaching or otherwise following a semester academic calendar to  accommodate students, faculty and staff who wish to observe them.

As Fall Semester starts again, we are now coming upon the start of the cycle of holidays once more. For many of these holidays (those from religions that follow calendars that differ from the Gregorian calendar), the dates in the secular year will differ but the main content of the posts should not. 

To that end, I would like to give the dates for the holidays in the next few months paralleling the Fall semester in most US universities (I am, after all, a professor in the United States).

I have noted only holidays to which I have already written a post. These are those holidays that I would argue are the most important holidays within their religion. Admittedly, there are others which may be of strong importance to those who observe them. Thus, I have not included, for example,  the Christian holiday of Advent Sunday on December 1. This does not, however, mean that such holidays are unimportant to those who wish to observe them, which should be kept in mind for religious accommodation purposes.

Similarly, I have left out some holidays that are regionally of importance within a religion but not of such significance beyond the regional context..  For example, I have left out the Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe (December 12) which is primarily observed among Mexican Catholics. Likewise excluded is Bathukamma  (this year on October 1) which is primarily observed among Hindus from Telangana state in India.

Note also that observance varies according to practice. For example, Reform and Reconstructionist Jews may observe a holiday for one day that Orthodox and Conservative Jews observe for two days. Some streams of Hinduism may observe Diwali for five full days, while others may do so for one, two or three days. While all Muslims recognize Ashurah as a holiday, it holds much greater significance in Shi'a tradition than in most other branches of Islam. Because of this, two people of the same faith may observe the same holiday for different lengths. These are explained for each holiday in the connected blog post. The main point here, though, is that we should recognize such differences in practice as legitimate.

FALL 2016 RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS

The list below gives the date for 2016, the name of the holiday, the main religion observing the holiday and the previous David Victor Vector post on that holiday.While the dates on the links may be from an earlier year, all of these are regularly updated, and all are corrected for the date when it changes.

Monday, September 12 sunset through Tuesday, September 13 sunset (depending on the sighting of the moon)

Eid al-Adha/Festival of the Sacrifice

             Islam

             http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/11/eid-al-adha.html

Thursday, September 22

Autumnal Equinox/Mabon

Wicca, Neo-Paganism, Neo-Druidism http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/09/autumnal-equinox.html

Sunday, October 2 sunset through either sunset Monday, October 3 (for most Reform and Reconstructionist Jews) or sunset Tuesday, October 4 (for Conservative and Orthodox Jews)

Rosh HaShanah

           Judaism

            http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/09/rosh-hashanah-2012.html

Friday, October 7 - Tuesday, October 11

Durga Puja

Hinduism

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/10/durga-puja.html

Tuesday, October 11 sunset through Wednesday, October 12 sunset

Yom Kippur/Day of Atonement

Judaism
            http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/09/yom-kippur.html

Sunday, October 16 sunset through Sunday, October 23 sunset
Note: The first two days are major observance days for most Conservative and Orthodox Jews)

           Sukkot/Festival of Booths/Festival of Tabernacles 

           Judaism

           http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2015/09/sukkot-hoshanah-rabah-shemini-atzeret.html

Friday, October 20

Birth of the Bab

Bahai’ism

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/10/birth-of-bab.html

Sunday, October 23 sunset through Monday, October 24 sunset

Shemini Atzeret

Judaism

            http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2015/09/sukkot-hoshanah-rabah-shemini-atzeret.html

Monday, October 24 sunset through Tuesday, October 25 sunset

Simchat Torah

Judaism

            http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2015/09/sukkot-hoshanah-rabah-shemini-atzeret.html

Monday October 10 sunset through Tuesday, October 11 sunset (depending on the sighting of the moon) or for some traditions in North America October 11 at sunset through October 12

Ashura

             Islam, especially Shi’a
             http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2015/09/ashura-2015.html

Sunday, October 30 - Thursday, November 3

Devali

Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/10/divali.html

October 31 sunset through November 1 
Samhain

Wicca, Neo-Paganism, Neo-Druidism

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/10/samhain-all-saints-day-dia-de-los.html

  November 1

  All Saints Day

  Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Methodism

  http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/10/samhain-all-saints-day-dia-de-los.html

November 1

Reformation Day

Lutheranism, some Protestant sects

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/10/samhain-all-saints-day-dia-de-los.html

November 2

All Souls Day/Día de los Muertos

Roman Catholicism
http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/10/samhain-all-saints-day-dia-de-los.html

Saturday, November 12

Birthday of Bahá'u'lláh

Bahai'ism

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/11/birthday-of-bahaullah.html

Thursday, December 8  

Bodhi Day

Buddhism

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/12/bodhi-day.html

Wednesday, December 21
Yule/Winter Solstice
Wicca, Neo-Paganism, Neo-Druidism
http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/12/yule.html

Saturday, December 24 sunset through Sunday, January 1 sunset

Chanukah

Judaism
            http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/12/chanukah.html

Christmas

Western Christian faiths (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism)

Sunday, December 25

Eastern Orthodox/ Ethiopian Tewahedo/Coptic Christian faiths

Saturday, January 7

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2011/12/christmas-day.html

A FEW CLOSING REMARKS

Before I go on, I should note that all holidays in Islam begin with the actual sighting of the moon. Therefore, the dates given for Eid al-Adha and Ashura are the likely dates for the holiday depending on the sighting conditions. Some debate exists regarding where the moon sighting should occur (e.g., locally or in Mecca). This may also cause observance to fall on a day before or after that indicated in this list. The date given here does not intend to suggest that one or the other interpretation is correct; this date is merely intended to be information for the date most widely observed in North America.

In all likelihood, I have overlooked a holiday or observance. Please feel free to share this with me.

While the links to many of the holidays above were posted in earlier years, they are regularly updated as the holiday approaches for this year. The dates in this post are (to the best of my knowledge) correct for 2016.

Finally, I would like to ask you to spread the word about this blog. If you are not formally a follower, please do add your name to the list through your Google, Twitter, AIM, Netlog or Yahoo account.


Thanks so much!

Ostara

Introduction

The Vernal Equinox, as explained below, has religious significance for several religions.  This overview about Ostara and is the first of two posts. 

The second post deals with the related holiday of the vernal equinox of Naw-Rúz (or Nowruz). You can read that post at

The holiday of Ostara falls on the vernal equinox, celebrated on March 19  in  2024 (in some years it is March 20) as a holiday in Wicca, Neo-Druidism and Neo-Paganism.  While most Wiccans and Neo-Pagans will still work or go to school, those asking to have time off for worship should be accommodated.     

In Wicca, Neo-Druidism and Neo-Paganism, the holiday is called Ostara and is a major holiday. In some neo-Pagan traditions, the holiday is also known as Alban Eilir or as Lady Day.

In Baha’i and Zoroastrianism (Parseeism), the vernal equinox marks the major holiday of Naw-Rúz. 

In Islam, in the Alawite Shiite tradition, Naw-Rúz is a minor holiday, as it is in the Sufi Islamic tradition of Betashism where it is called Sultan Nevruz  holiday.

Ostara in 2024 begins on Tuesday. March 19  coinciding with the vernal equinox.  

For the Baha’i and Zoroastrian (or Parsee) religions as well as Alawite, Alevi and Betashist Moslems, Naw-Rúz begins on March 19 at sunset and runs through sunset on March 20 or 21.

This overview about Ostara and is the first of two posts. The second post deals with the related holiday of the vernal equinox of Naw-Rúz. You can read that post at https://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2024/03/naw-ruz-nowruz-newruz-bahai-zoroastrian.html
 

What Is Ostara?

The vernal equinox is the time of year when the day and night are equally balanced. For Wicca and Neo-Paganism, this makes Ostara one of the four Lesser Sabbats of the Wheel of the Year. Lesser Sabbats relate to cycle of the sun while Greater Sabbats deal with the cycle of the moon.

In Wicca and Neo-Paganism, both equinoxes are times of balance and peacefulness. In addition, the vernal equinox celebrates the coming of Spring and is viewed as a time of rebirth and renewal both of nature and of the spirit.



Goddess Ostara
by Johannes Gehrts

 What's In A Name?

Considerable debate exists among branches within Wicca and, especially, among Neo-Pagans for the name of the holiday. In all of these traditions, the term “Vernal Equinox” is acceptable.

For some Wiccans and neo-Pagans, the formal name for the holiday is Ostara (alternatively spelled Eostara).  The name derives from Eostre, the pre-Christian European goddess of the moon (in some traditions of the dawn) and the main goddess of feminine attributes. Oestre takes her name from the Greek οἶστρος (technically speaking meaning a biting fly but in referring to sexual desire). The ancient Germanic tribes adapted this into the name Ostara.

It should be noted that other neo-Pagans and some Wiccans disapprove of calling the holiday Ostara. As the Wicca 101 website explains:

The point here, though, is not that one or the other tradition is correct or incorrect but rather that differences of opinion among traditions exist

some Pagan traditions began referring to the Vernal Equinox as Oestara. Historically, this is incorrect. Oestara is a lunar holiday, honoring a lunar Goddess, at the Vernal Full Moon. Hence, the name "Oestara" is best reserved to the nearest Esbat, rather than the Sabbat itself.

Ostara's Connection to Easter and May Day

Fraya amulet
6th Century CE, Sweden

Ostara long predates Easter. Indeed, in Biblical times, Easter was never celebrated as a holiday. The first known celebration of Easter did not take place until the middle of the 2nd Century when Melito, the Bishop of Sardis,  mentioned in a sermon that people in Sardis held a celebration of Christ's resurrection around the time of the Jewish Passover. What that celebration was remains unclear.

We do know that in what is now Germany and Britain, people observed with reverence the vernal equinox. Those observances, however, did not constitute a formal holiday with special rites. Instead, the vernal equinox represented the beginning of Spring, and it was the coming of the season that was actually celebrated through the worship in various forms of the fertility goddess Ostara. In Norse mythology, the coming of spring was associated with the fertility goddess Fraya in similar fashion. 

Much more formalized worship took place for the holiday of  Naw-Rúz  that falls on the first day of the vernal equinox. This was not a pagan holiday as Ostara was, but rather the worship of the Zoroastrians (Parsees) who lived in the areas that once had been the Persian Empire. People celebrated Naw-Rúz  from as far east Afghanistan to as far west as Greece, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean coast and islands, including the areas in which the apostles and other early Christian missionaries preached. As discussed in the blog on Naw-Rúz, the Church consciously repurposed many of the traditions of  Naw-Rúz to coincide with Easter (for example, the tradition of the Easter Egg in place of the Naw-Rúz  Egg, etc.).

In both Ostara and Naw-Rúz , considerable symbolism rests on the victory of light over darkness as the days grow longer and longer. The Church was easily able to repurpose to symbolize Jesus (as the Light) over death (darkness).

The Church in the Germanic lands and Britain simply repurposed Ostara worship at the vernal equinox into Easter traditions. For example, it is from both Ostara worship in Germany and Britain and in Fraya worship in Norse mythology,  that we get the Easter Bunny. Because of their extreme fertility, hares are associated with the Norse goddess Fraya and rabbits are seen as symbols of fecundity and, therefore,  the season of rebirth associated with Ostara.  In time, the Persian tradition of the Naw-Rúz egg became mixed with the rabbit tradition and the Easter Bunny brought eggs.

Erecting the May Pole
Furth-in-Wald, Germany

Other rites associated with these earlier traditions were repurposed by the Church not to Easter but to the folk customs of May Day. For example, in both Germanic Ostara rites and the rites associated with the Zoroastrian  Naw-Rúz, bonfires were lit (or in the case of the latter, still are lit).

In Norse mythology, tree worship surrounded rites of the season (each species of tree had its own diety associated with it). We see these still in northern European May Day bonfires. Similarly, the male principle associated with this comes in the raising of the May Pole (in German, Maibaum -- literally May Tree).

Etymological Ties of the Word Ostara

Etymologically, the name Ostara or Eostara can be seen in modern English in the word estrus (when female livestock were under the influence of Eostre and, therefore, in heat) and estrogen (in British English oestrogen, the primary female hormone).

It is also the source of the name of the holiday Easter in English and in German (Ostern). Indeed, in Old English, the name of the pagan goddess and the Christian holiday are identical:  Ēostre.

It may be worth noting that in Greek, the name for Easter – Πάσχα (Paskha) – derives not from the pagan goddess but from the Aramaic. In Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus, Easter is פֶּסחא‎ Pasḥa, which itself is derived from the Hebrew פֶּסַח‎ Pesaḥ -- the name Judaism still uses for the first two nights of Passover (as the Last Supper was Jesus’ Pesaḥ meal). In Latin, all Latin-based languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese, Catalan) and several other languages (Danish, Welsh, Gaelic, Russian, Khazakh, Finnish), the name for Easter is derived from the Greek. For more on the Christian holiday of Easter, please see my blog post at

http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/04/easter-and-pascha.html

Alban Eilir

In the pre-Christian Celtic tradition, the vernal equinox was called Alban Eilir (Welsh for “Light of the Spring”). This is the name still used for the holiday in modern druidic traditions, primarily in Wales as well as some others elsewhere in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Lady Day

Some Wiccans and Neo-Pagans use the phrase “Lady Day” to refer to the holiday. This is meant to honor the feminine principle — the Goddess – inherent in the fertility of the spring season.  This is also arguably a repurposing of the Roman Catholic Feast Day of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin (also called “Our Lady’s Day”) which falls on March 25. It should be noted that some neo-Pagan traditions historically celebrated their own Lady Day on March 25 to avoid persecution or heresy charges by aligning with the surrounding Roman Catholic holiday. In some neo-Pagan, Lady Day is still observed on March 25 as a result. 

Ostara Observance

Wiccans and Neo-Pagans alike generally observe Ostara through worship of the Goddess or Feminine Force. In some traditions, this involves a formal ceremony, often in the woods. For many other traditions, this is done in a more informal manner through communing with nature, especially through walking through the woods and, in many traditions, the ritual planting of an herb garden.

Lingam painting

Many Neo-Pagans have traditions involving the lingam (the egg) including decorating eggs and lingam hunts for children. This is a tradition that predates and is (along with the Zoroastrian practice) the origin of the Christian tradition of the Easter egg.

 Ostara altar

At home, Wiccans and many Neo-Pagans set up an Ostara Altar. This usually includes spring flowers. These are often live flowers in pots that are later planted in gardens at the end of the holiday (although many people do use cut flowers as well).

Ostara altar

Most altars include symbols of animals giving birth. To symbolize the birth of birds, people place a basket of eggs on the altar. To symbolize the birth of mammals,  a chalice of milk is set on the altar (since mammals who have just given birth began to lactate). Often the milk is mixed with honey since honey represents abundance. Some traditions include special crystals such as moonstone, associated with Oestre. On some altars, worshipers light a candle or set a brazier with an open flame, as fire represents the coming season of light. 

Recognizing Ostara as a time for new beginnings, many Wiccans and Neo-Pagans make commitments to undertake something new. This is done in much the same manner that people in a secular setting make commitments New Year's Resolutions on January 1. Ostara adds a spiritual foundation to such resolutions as starting on a new exercise regimen or quitting smoking.

Because the vernal equinox is a time of complete balance, some Wiccans and Neo-Pagans use symmetrical decorations. These include things such as a black and a white candle or a black and white stone to represent the balance of light and dark. Ladybugs and other animals with symmetrical patterns are sometimes used as decorations, and so on.

Conclusion

As with all of my posts on religion, this piece is meant only as a general source of information. Since the traditions for Ostara are so varied, please be aware that many, many different rites and practices exist that I have not mentioned here.

Please also note that much more on Naw-Rúz  is explained on the Naw-Rúz  post that will go up later this week.  Finally, much more information on Easter will appear closer to Easter.

Blessed Ostara!

Want to Know More?

About.com, "Setting Up Your Ostara Altar," http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/ostarathespringequinox/p/OstaraAltar.htm

Kristina Benson (2008), Wiccan Holidays: A Celebration of the Wicca Year.

“Celebrating Ostara: The Spring Equinox,” The Wiccan Life, http://thewiccalife.blogspot.com/2011/01/celebrating-ostara-spring-equinox_23.html

Carole Cusack (2007), “The Goddess Eostre: Bede’s Text and Contemporary Pagan Traditions,” Pomegranate, 9:1, pp. 22-40.

Tom Fish (May 21, 2019), "Spring Equinox Traditions: What is Ostara? History of Ostara and the Spring Equinox," Express UK.com, https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/1102690/spring-equinox-traditions-ostara-history-pagan-vernal-equinox-2019

"How to Celebrate Ostara" (December 20, 2019 [last update]), WikiHow, https://www.wikihow.com/Celebrate-Ostara

“Lady Day: The Vernal Equinox,” Wicca 101, http://www.unc.edu/~reddeer/holydays/00_ladyday.html

Edain McCoy (2002), Ostara: Customs, Spells & Rituals for the Rites of Spring.

Ashleen O’Gaeo (2004), Celebrating the Seasons of Life: Samhain to Ostara.

Rowan Pendragon, "Blessed Ostara!" One Witch's Way: http://onewitchsway.com/2010/03/blessed-ostara/

Leo Ruickbie, “Spring Equinox (Eostre/Ostara), Witchology: The History of Wicca and Witchcraft, http://www.witchology.com/contents/march/ostara.php

Patti Wigington (Jan. 4, 2020), "History of Ostara, The Spring Equinox," Learn Religions.com,  https://www.learnreligions.com/history-of-ostara-the-spring-equinox-2562485https://www.learnreligions.com/history-of-ostara-the-spring-equinox-2562485

Mackenzie Sage Wright (March 12, 2020), "Wiccan Holidays: What Is Ostara?" Exemplore, https://exemplore.com/wicca-witchcraft/Wiccan-Holidays-What-is-Ostara

Clip Art Sources

Opening Blessed Ostara egg: http://spiritblogger.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/spirit-message-of-the-day-ostara-the-spring-equinox-2010/

Goddess Ostara illustration by Johannes Gehrts: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/220px-Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg

6th Century Fraya amulet: http://www.goddessgift.net/images/freya-norse-statue-SS-NFR.jpg

Ostara with rabbit by Helen Nelson Reed: http://evagordon.blogspot.com/2011/05/full-moon-interview-with-domesticated.html?zx=8321f03afb7aa742

May Pole erection in Germany: http://www.pastritztaler.de/maibaum.html

Ostara altar 1: http://onewitchsway.com/2010/03/blessed-ostara/

Lingam painting: https://www.wikihow.com/Celebrate-Ostara

Ostara altar 2: http://0.tqn.com/d/paganwiccan/1/7/u/8/-/-/IsadoraOstaraAltar.jpg

Blessed Ostara closing image: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqAcKWjVMvEwCrVaeitMXfZXKFS4Ls88vC9X2vSxrADE0LSBWBmpzEDKtMXidpKl3wZe9mFrZPJumfN9z4zaAt235Zb4imKB5VJrIi3ypXFWgG-gAIXlhvFI5ayDkAWJA2I9eX4aY7WbSM/s1600/ostara3.jpg