This is a major holiday in these traditions. While most Wiccans and Neo-Pagans will still work or go to school, those asking to have time off for worship should be accommodated.
Introduction
Beltane is the celebration of the start of summer. For many, it is a fertility festival of the land, of animals and of people. The holiday involves rites of cleansing and of celebration of the beginnings of the first buds and flowers.
Beltane predates Christianity by centuries, and is tied to rites of the masculine meeting the feminine. Thus the marriage of the May Queen or the Goddess with the May King, Green Man or Jack-in-the-Green.
Beltane
is celebrated under several names. Beltane is the most common name in
English, and is the name used within the Wiccan tradition and many
English-speaking neo-Pagan traditions. In the Celtic Revivalist faiths,
the holiday is known as Bealtaine (in Irish Gaelic) or Bealltainn (in Scots Gaelic). In Wales the holiday is known as Calan Mai.
In some Christian traditions, many of the Beltane/May Day rituals were given Christian overlays and adopted as practices to celebrate Whit Sunday (in England and Scotland) or Pentecost (notably in Germany, Austria). For more on Pentecost, please see my post at
http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2012/05/pentecost.html
Beltane is drawn from specifically Celtic traditions. In the rest of northern and central Europe, Beltane coincides with the celebrations of Walpurgis Night and May Day. Although Walpurgis Night is technically held to honor Saint Walpurga and May Day is not a religious holiday at all, both holidays various rites and practices (setting bonfires and erecting May Poles, for example) derive directly from pre-Christian Pagan rites. For more on Walpurgis Night and May Day, please see the accompanying post on this blog at:
http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2013/05/walpurgis-night-and-may-day.html
For some neo-Pagan traditions Walpurgis Night and May Day have religious significance. For more on Walpurgis Night and May Day, please see:Other pre-Christian Pagan rites were syncretized into the May Day and Walpurgis Nacht traditions. These are explained below, and are covered in that blogpost.
Beltane Observance
Wiccans, neo-Pagans and neo-Druids celebrate Beltane as the beginning of summer. In many neo-Pagan traditions, Beltane is generally associated Beltane with the arrival of the masculine force. This makes Beltane the counterpart to the feminine force celebrated at Ostara. For more on Ostara, please see
Beltane marks the joining of the masculine with feminine. The feminine force in most (though not all) neo-Pagan traditions is called the May Queen. In Wicca, the feminine force remains the Goddess; although she may be called the May Queen at this time she is not a separate deity.
The masculine force, by contrast, takes many forms depending on tradition. In modern Wicca, the masculine force is known as the Horned God.
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| Cernunnos Pillar of the Boatman Musee d'Orsay, Paris |
In many Celtic Revivalist traditions, the masculine force is called Cernunnos, after the pre-Christian Celtic deity. Cernunnos, like the Wiccan Horned God, has either antlers or horns (often curled ram's horns). Cernunnos is the oldest recorded reification of the masculine force in Celtic history. Cernunnos appears with (his name written out) on the Pillar of the Boatman dating sometime before 25 CE. The Pillar of the Boatman (now in the Musee du Cluny in Paris) originally stood in a shrine at Lutetia (modern-day Paris) in which Roman gods were mixed with the pre-Roman gods of Gaul, prominently
including Cernunnos.
Additionally, the masculine force is directly
intertwined with the medieval English tales of the Green Knight, known
best in literature in the 14th Century masterpiece Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This same masculine force is also associated (and sometimes
directly tied to) the mythical trickster of the forest called Puck and
Robin Goodfellow. In folk traditions in Great Britain and
Ireland, the masculine force is often called Jack-in-the-Green. Since
the 16th Century, many English towns regularly held Jack-in-the-Green
festivities in honor of May Day. Though banned in the Victorian Era, the 20th Century has seen a revival of these festivities in many locations (as explained further on in this post).
That said, the most common name for the masculine force is the Green Man, but this
is more of a term used in anthropology and art history than in religious
practice. Below a bit farther in this post, I have posted a side note on the significance and widespread appearance of the Green Man.
Altars
As
with most Wiccan and neo-Pagan holidays, altars play a role in worship
on Beltane.In many traditions, celebrations take place at altars in the
woods as well as at the home.
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| Beltane altar |
Because
Beltane is celebration of fertility, the altars for the holidays
typically include symbols of fertility such as seeds and acorns. In
particular, since Beltane is the time in which the masculine force
arises to meet the feminine force of the May Queen or the Goddess, altar
symbols often contain symbols of masculinity such as antlers and
phallic references (such as a miniature maypole or smooth branches stuck
vertically in a flowerpot.
Because
Beltane celebrates the coming of spring and the emergence of new life,
flowers are of particular importance on most altars. Many people
decorate their homes and altars with potted early spring flowers such as
jonquils and hyacinths.
Going A-Maying
In many traditions, young people go a-Maying. This
means that young people go into the woods to pick fresh flowers for
bouquets. That, in turn, is also a traditional time for boys and girls
to meet together in the woods to pick the flowers together. This is the
subject of the Renaissance English poet Robert Herrick's well-known poem
"Corinna's Going A-Maying":
There's not a budding boy or girl this day
But is got up, and gone to bring in May.
The
association of courtship among couples who go a-Maying is particularly
well caught in the poem's last stanza. I quote it here, though, not just
because it is one of my favorite poems (which probably plays a part
here!) but because Herrick captures the cyclical nature of not only the
seasons but of the life cycle that resonates through Beltane/May Day
celebrations. Those who go a-Maying are in the fertile prime of their
life just as as Beltane/May Day represents the fertile prime
of the year. Seasons of the year and seasons of one's life are all
cyclical, and actions (courtship, in this case) should be come in their
due season.
Robert Herrick Come, let us go while we are in our prime ;
And take the harmless folly of the time.
We shall grow old apace, and die
Before we know our liberty.
Our life is short, and our days run
As fast away as does the sun ;
And, as a vapour or a drop of rain
Once lost, can ne'er be found again,
So when or you or I are made
A fable, song, or fleeting shade,
All love, all liking, all delight
Lies drowned with us in endless night.
Then while time serves, and we are but decaying,
Come, my Corinna, come, let's go a-Maying.
It is important to note that Herrick himself was an Anglican priest with conservative Royalist beliefs -- clearly not
a neo-Pagan. Nevertheless "Corinna's Going A-Maying" expresses the
pagan worldview of the wheel of the seasons and the life cycle.
Additionally, within Herrick's poetry is the pagan notion of carpe diem.
This phrase itself by the pagan Roman poet Horace is often figuratively
translated as "sieze the day" but actually means "pluck, pick or
gather" (the literal translation of Latin verb carpō). This is literally what people do when they go a-Maying.
Herrick's other much-anthologized poem "To The Virgins, To Make Much Of Time" contains the quintessential carpe diem lines:
- Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,
- Old Time is still a-flying;
- And this same flower that smiles today,
- Tomorrow will be dying.
The
point of all of this literary discussion is to make the connection of
the pre-Christian influence that was resurrected in the Renaissance (to
which Herrick belonged). . It is significant that the Renaissance era
consciously sought to revive Classical (i.e., pagan) art and literature.
The carpe diem theme can be found in the poetry of many of
Herrick's contemporaries such as Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress,"
John Suckling's "Why so pale and wan fond lover," Edmund Waller's "Go
Lovely Rose" as well as in several of the poems of William Shakespeare.
In the Renaissance of the Classic and pre-Christian, pagan world views
became part of English culture (though the same can be shown for overall
Western culture) ever since. In many respects then, Renaissance
literature and art gave a rebirth to the acceptability of pagan
concepts. From this came the diminishing persecution of pagan thought
(which never disappeared) and beginning of the open re-emergence of the
neo-Pagan traditions.
Flowers and Floral Crowns
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| Beltane flower garland |
The ostensible point of going a-Maying is the collection of flowers. The flowers themselves are used as decoration around the altars and house.
Traditionally, Beltane is a time for wearing garlands of flowers in one's hair. While this is largely a female ornament, many men wear garlands as well, sometimes of flowers but often of leaves.
Bonfires
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| Beltane bonfire |
Additionally, fires are lit often on hilltops but in some traditions within fields or woodland clearings. In neo-Pagan and Celtic Revivalist (and some Wiccan) traditions, the custom is to build a fire large enough to last the night and to spend the entire time gathered around it from the lighting of the fire until it goes out in the morning.
Customarily, the fire is made from bundles of nine sacred woods tied together with ribbons. The nine sacred woods each have a symbolic meaning. These are listed here with their traditional associated meaning
- Ash (wisdom and prophecy)
- Alder (divination and spiritual decision-making)
- Birch (fertility and creativity)
- Hawthorn (business decisions and masculine force)
- Holly (protective forces)
- Oak (the most sacred tree in Druidism, but in all traditions for strength, fertility and fortune)
- Rowan (personal power and success)
- Willow (protection from natural disasters)
Each of these woods have a deity associated with them in Norse and Celtic paganism.
May Pole
Linked to the sacred woods of the bonfire is the May Pole. This is more evident perhaps in languages other than English. For example, in German the word is Maibaum -- literally May Tree.
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| Maypole wrapped in ribbons |
The May Pole, in addition to its tree worship origins, is directly associated with the masculine force. The raising of the May Pole is a directly phallic symbol. The erection of the May Pole is then danced around by women who wrap it in symbols of the feminine (usually flowers and ribbons). This is symbolic of the joining of the masculine and feminine principles resulting in the season of fertility that Beltane celebrates.
Some Beltane Recipes
Beltane is associated with two special drinks: May Wine and Honey Drinks.
May Wine is simply made from chilled white wine with flowers and peeled stems of woodruff added to it. Some recipes also call for strawberry, lemon or orange slices to be added. The woodruff flowers at Beltane time and thus symbolizes the coming summer season.
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| Honey punch |
Honey's arrival at Beltane time is the source of the honey drinks. The two most common honey drinks are Honey Punch and Mead. Honey punch is made from adding honey to boiling water, letting it cool then adding lemon juice and apricot nectar (vodka is optional). Mead is honey wine.
Honey is a staple in foods for Beltane for much the same reason. Common honey foods include Honey Wheat Bread, Honey Butter and simply adding honey drizzled on fruit or other foods. For recipes for Honey Wheat Bread and Honey Butter, please see Autumn Earthsong's "Beltane Recipes" at
Beltane Festivals
Edinburgh's Beltane Fire Festival
The largest annual Beltane Festival anywhere is the annual Beltane Fire Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland. The annual event attracts tens of thousands of visitors.
The Beltane Fire Festival is held on Carlton Hill where the Green Man lights the Neid Fire using a bow drill and thistle down. This fire is then used to light all of the many other fires and bonfires lit across the festival area.
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| May Queen leading her White Women Edinburgh Beltane Fire Festival |
The Green Man joined by his Blue Men (skin painted in blue) accompanies the May Queen joined by her
White Women (skin painted white) in procession to heavily rhythmic drumming. Together they pass through the Fire Arch and give birth to the Red Men (skin painted red) who symbolizes chaos. The Red Men pursue the White Women who rebuff them in a symbolic battle of chaos vs. order. After this, all of the characters assemble around the great Beltane bonfire. Here the pageant climaxes as described by the BBC's John Wilson as:
The procession makes its way to a hollow near the bonfire where all the performers have gathered in a great circle. Overcome by the May Queen's beauty and spurred on by the energy of the Red Men, the Green Man touches the May Queen. For this trespass, the Queen's handmaidens strike him dead and ritually strip his winter foliage, the lifeless body raised up for all to see. The May Queen takes pity on the Green Man and breathes new life into him. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/edinburghandeastscotland/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8292000/8292893.stm
Once reborn, the May Queen and the newly-young and reincarnated Green Man approach the Bower to join together properly. This is then the signal for the Red Men to renew their pursuit of the White Women, who this time (usually) accept their advances.
 | |
| The May Queen and the Green Man at the Bower Edinburgh Beltane Fire Festival |
Jack-in-the-Green Festivities
As mentioned earlier, there was a long British tradition of welcoming Jack-in-the-Green on May Day or Beltane. Since
the 16th Century, many English towns regularly held Jack-in-the-Green
festivities in honor of May Day. Though banned in the Victorian Era, the
20th Century has seen a revival of these festivities in many locations
(as explained further on in this post).
Traditionally, men dressed in outfits of garlands and competed for the honor of most elaborate costume. The various Jack-in-the-Greens (and their attendant admirers) used the occasion for ribald humor, open flirtation and heavy drinking. During the Victorian era, authorities in many communities banned the practice, condemning the pagan roots as much as the drunkenness and sexual acting out.
In the 20th Century, though, the ancient tradition of welcoming Jack-in-the-Green was revived in many locations throughout England. Nowhere is this more the case than in Hastings, which holds a four-day Jack-in the Green
Festival each year centered on the May Day bank holiday (and, in its own
right, a Beltane holiday for some). After hundreds of years of annual celebration, the Hastings Jack-in-the-Green was officially banned in 1889. Once the Victorian Era ended, Jack-in-the-Green began to make modest
 |
| Hastings Jack-in-the-Green Grand Procession |
reappearances there. In the 1980's, though, Mad Jack's Morris (the local Hastings Morris Dance troupe) formally began promoting a Jack-in-the-Green revival. Today, the Hastings Jack-in-the-Green Festival annually attracts tens of thousands of people. On the annual parade (held on May Day itself) an average of 1000 green painted and garland-costumed men (called Green Bogies) move in procession with the year's winning Jack-in-the-Green. The procession ends with the symbolic slaying of Jack-in-the-Green to release the generative power of summer. The Hastings Jack-in-the-Green Festival also includes a crowning of the May Queen, and many ceilidhs (traditional Celtic music gatherings) as well as modern musical performances.
Padstow's Obby Oss Festival
The city of Padstow in Cornwall has held an annual Obby Oss (local dialect for Hobby Horse) festival since 1803, although record of Beltane and May Day celebrations extend back to the pre-Christian era there. The townspeople begin singing the Night Song at 12:01 AM on May 1, and by morning deck out the town in flowers, garlands, flags and a May Pole. During the day, the song turns to the Day Song, and the town divides into two groups of supporters of two Osses (stylized horses) inside of which are each a team of men. These are the Old Oss and the Peace Oss (also called the Blue Ribbon Oss). Each Oss has its own stable from which it emerges and are paraded through the streets by specially assigned leaders (called "Teasers")
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| The Old Obby Oss, Padstown |
who prod their respective Oss with special sticks.
Each Oss proceeds through the town amid supporters playing drums and accordions. The Peace Oss emerges from his stable first with its followers dressed in blue and white sashes. The Old Oss emerges an hour later with its followers wearing red sashes. Women in both groups (and spectators merely watching) wear garlands of flowers in their hair..Both Osses are dressed in huge black capes out of which the men inside the Oss try to grab at passing women (who often approach the horse to tease or flirt with it). The Osses then meet at the May Pole where (often) they do a dance together.
Other Cornwall towns have their own Obby Oss traditions. Among the most notable of these are those at Barnstaple and at Combe Martin. Farther afield -- in Oxfordshire, not Cornwall -- is the rather more recent Banbury Hobby Horse Festival.
Other May Day Celebrations of Pagan Origin
While no other cities have events approaching the size of that of
Edinburgh's Beltane celebration, Hastings' Jack-in-the-Green Festival,
or the Padstown Obby Oss Festival, cities with celebrations of pagan origin are widespread throughout the
United Kingdom. Some of the most notable of these are listed here.
- Beltane Brouhaha, Blacksburg, South Carolina, USA
- Beltane Buzz Festival, St. David's,West Wales, UK
- Beltane Circle, Mesa, Arizona, USA
- Beltane Festival at Circle Sanctuary Nature Preserve, Barneveld, Wisconsin, USA
- Beltane Festival, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, USA
- Beltane Festival, Cornall-on-Hudson, New York, USA
- Beltane Festival, Gluckstadt, Mississippi, USA
- Beltane Festival, Owenton, Kentucky, USA
- Beltane Festival, Peebles, Scotland, UK
- Beltane Festival, Scio, Oregon, USA
- Beltane Festival, Thornborough Henge, North Yorkshire, UK
- Beltane Fire Festival, Coombe Woods, Broomlands, Kent, England, UK
- Beltane Fire Walk, Tir Na Nog, Balfron, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- Beltane Gathering at Turtle Hill, Darlington, Maryland, USA
- Beltane Pagan Pride Fest, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Beltane Ritual and Celebration, Vancouver Island, Canada
- Beltane Twilight Fire Circle, Windsor, Connecticut, USA
- Beltania, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Beltania, Florence, Colorado, USA
- Belting Fayre, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
- Blue Ridge Beltane, Staunton, Virginia, USA
- Brid's Closet Beltane Festival, Highland Mills, New York, USA
- Celtic Scottish Beltane Festival, Hartville, Ohio, USA
- Dolmen Grove Beltane, Dorset, UK
- Dragon Hills Retreat Beltane, Bowdon, Georgia, USA
- Dathlu Calan Mai at Millennium Centre, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Lamplight Circle Community Beltane, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- May Moon Beltane Festival, Newport News, Virginia, USA
- May Day Beltane Festival, Glastonbury, Somerset, UK
- Neo-Druidic Beltane Ritual Celebration, Encino, California, USA
- New Braunfels Community Beltane, New Braunfels, Texas, USA
- Newgrange Fire Festival, County Meath, Ireland
- Night of Magic Masque, Beavercreek, Ohio, USA
- Open Beltane Ritual, Chertsey, Surrey, UK
- Open Beltane Ritual, Everleigh,Wiltshire, UK
- Paganfest Beltane, Barrie, Ontario, Canada
- Queer Beltane Glow Festival, Yorkville, California, USA
- Sacred Living Group Beltane, Dorset, UK
- Spirit of the Marsh Beltane Camp and Gathering, Mabletherpe, Somerset, England, UK
- Thornborough Henge Beltane, North Yorkshire, UK
- Turning the Wheel Beltane Celebration, Canaan, New Hampshire, USA
- Wyld Fire Beltane Hunt, Springfield, Louisiana, USA
A Bit More About the Green Man
In folk
traditions not only in Great Britain and Ireland but also throughout
northern and central Europe, the masculine force is known as the Green
Man (in German, Grüne Mann; in Czech Zelený muž, in French Homme Vert). The Green Man is depicted as having branches, vines and other vegetation
growing from his face or coming out of his nostrils
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| Green Man Notre Dame, Paris |
Of
particular interest is the fact that the Roman Catholic Church allowed
depictions of the Green Man without fully syncretizing him. While
the imagery of the Green Man long predates Christianity in northern
Europe, Great Britain and Ireland, the early Church regularly allowed
depictions of the Green Man in Church architecture.
Traditonally,
the Church would normally take a pre-existing pagan deity and sycretize
it, meaning they would transform the pagan deity into a Catholic saint.
This in no ways diminishes the authority and veneration of saints in
the present form, but remains historically evident in dozens of
instances nonetheless. In some cases, the Church had the saint become a
force of control over the earlier pagan gods attributes. This
relationship between the Greek god Dionysus and St. Denis. Thus, where
Dionysus governed wine and ecstatic states, his sanctified incarnation
of St. Denis became the patron saint of possessed people and provided
protection against states of frenzy. In some cases, the patron deity of
a pre-Christian location became the patron saint of the
post-Christianized city. This is seen in the way in which the Roman
goddess Venus became St. Venera and (according to
some) the hill-town of Aphrodisia on Malta (from her Greek name
Aphrodite) became the Maltese city of Saint Venera. In some cases, the
transmutation became a direct parallel between the earlier diety and the
Christian saint. and the Celtic triple goddess Brigid was subsumed
into St. Bridgit.
What
is unique about the Green Man, though, is that no attempt has been made
to syncretize him into a Christian form. Instead, his cult was simply
adopted directly without modification. As a result, the Green Man is a
regular feature of many Gothic cathedrals and churches.
 |
The Green Man, 13th Century
Týnská School, Prague
|
The
Czech Republic has among the earliest depictions of the Green Man into
churches and church-related buildings (such as schools and monasteries),
dating back to the 1200's. Depictions of the Green Man, though, are
widespread throughout Europe. He can be found in Gothic church buildings
not only in the Czech Republic but in many locations in Germany, the
Netherlands, France, England and elsewhere.
 |
| The Blattmaske of Bamberg Cathedral |
Among the most famous of these is the early 13th Century Blattmaske of Bamberg Cathedral which supports the famous
Bamberger Horseman (the first truly naturalistic sculpture to re-emerge
in Europe since the end of the Classical era). Blattmaske means "leaf face" and shows the Green Man's face emerging from a large leaf.
and mouth.
Other
notable depictions of the Green Man in famous German churches include
those at Bremen Cathedral, the Marktkirche in Hamburg, Magdeburg
Cathedral, Elisabethkirche in Marburg, Trier Cathedral, Kirche St.
Kyprian in Heilbronn, Lukaskirche in Munich, and St. Mariakirche in
Augsburg.
 |
| Green Man Lincoln Cathedral |
The United Kingdom also has the Green Man is abundance in its Church architecture, with dozens of examples. Among the most
notable are those in Abbey Dore (in Herfordshire), Wells Cathedral, Saint Andrew's Church in Cotton (Suffolk),
Bristol Cathedral, Norwich Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral, Llangwm Church (in Wales)
St. Swithin's Church in Woodbury, St. Michael's Church in Horwood
(Devon), Tewksbury Abbey (in Gloucestershire), the Templar Sancturary at
Kilpeck, Lincoln Cathedral, St. Edmundsbury Cathedral, Exeter Cathedral
and Canterbury Cathedral.
In
France, notable Green Man depictions can be found at Notre-Dame in
Paris (which also has an image of the May Queen, both in the side chapel
of the Treasury), Ste.-Chapelle in Paris, Chartres Cathedral, Rouen
Cathedral and the Cathedral of Saint Peter in Poitiers.
 |
| Main Entrance of Church of Our Lady Halle, Belgium |
In
the Netherlands, too, he appears in dozens of churches including
Pieters Church in Utrecht, St. Servaaskirche in Maastricht and
Hierveld-Zuid Church. Some of the other better-known Green Man
representations in European churches include Linköping Cathedral and
Uppsala Cathedral in in Sweden; , in Spain at the Cloister of Santa
Maria la Real de Nieval and the Duomo of Milan in Italy.
Possibly
the church with the most representations of the Green Man in one spot
is that of the Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen in Halle, Belgium whose
main entrance is decorated with literally hundreds of Green Men.
.
While several works deal with the subject of the Green Man in Church architecture, one particularly fine work is Mike Harding's A Little Book of the Green Man. This is partially available on line on his blog The Mystery of the Green Man at
For
depictions of the Green Man in church architecture across Europe,
another site with a particularly large collections can be found at the
website of Han Marie Stiekema at
Conclusion
As with all of my posts, this represents only my own personal understanding of the rites and celebrations here. This is particular important to note in this case since Beltane is followed by so many different traditions almost none of which, by intention, have a centralized set of rituals.
Please feel free to comment or add more information.
Blessed Beltane!
Further Reading
Arfin, Ferne. "May Day Kicks Off the Lusty Monty of May: Come the Sun and the British Let Their Hair Down," About.com: http://gouk.about.com/od/whatsoninmay/a/mayday.htm
Arfin, Ferne."May Day: The Jack-in-the-Green Festival," About.com: http://gouk.about.com/od/whatsoninmay/p/jack_in_the_gre.htm
Aubin, Christina. "Beltane -- Holiday Details and Ritual": http://www.witchvox.com/va/dt_va.html?a=usma&c=holidays&id=2765
BBC: "About Cornwall: Obby Oss Day": http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/content/articles/2007/04/11/padstow_obbyoss_feature.shtml
BBC Religons: "Paganism -- Beltane," http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/holydays/beltane_1.shtml
Beltran, M.S. "Celebrating Beltane: A Ritual for Pagans, Wiccans and Witches": http://voices.yahoo.com/celebrating-beltane-ritual-pagans-wiccans-and-3174163.html
Discreet Witch: "Idea Book: Beltane": http://thediscreetwitch.blogspot.com/2013/04/idea-book-beltane.html
Grimassi, Raven (2001). Beltane: Springtime Rituals, Lore and Celebration.Llewellyn Publications.
Harding, Mike. "Mystery of the Green Man": http://www.mikeharding.co.uk/greenman/web-links
Johnson, Heather, "Beltane Ritual": http://www.paganlibrary.com/rituals_spells/beltane_ritual.php
Kynes, Sandra (2004). A Year of Ritual: Sabbats & Esbats for Solitaries & Covens.Llewellyn Publications.
Moonstone, Rowan, "Beltane: Its History and Modern Celebration in Wicca in America": http://www.sacred-texts.com/bos/bos032.htm
O'Gaea, Ashleen (2008). Seasons of Life: Beltane to Mabon, Career Press.
Paganism 101, "Beltane": http://www.thewhitegoddess.co.uk/the_wheel_of_the_year/beltane.asp
Rae Beth, "Beltane": Herbal Musings: http://herbalmusings.com/beltane.htm
Silverwind, Selene, "Beltane: A Fertility Festival": http://www.netplaces.com/paganism/blank/beltane-a-fertility-festival.htm
Varner, Gary R. The Green Man and the Church (2007), excerpts available on line at http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewArticle.asp?id=15597
Wigington, Patti. "All About Beltane," About.com: http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/beltanemayday/a/AllAboutBeltane.htm
Wigington, Patti. "Nine Sacred Woods of the Bonfire," About.com: http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/spellworkfolkmagic/tp/The-Nine-Sacred-Woods-Of-The-Bonfire.htm
Wigington, Patti. "Setting Up Your Beltane Altar," About.com: http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/beltanemayday/p/BeltaneAltar.htm
Wilson, John, "The Beltane Festival Revealed," BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/edinburghandeastscotland/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8292000/8292893.stm
Zell-Ravenheart, Oberon (2006), Creating Circles and Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons and Reasons. New Page Books.
Image Sources:
Happy Beltane opening clip art: http://i232.photobucket.com/albums/ee1/shadowcat_isis/seasonal%20graphics/happy-beltane.jpg
Cernunnos, Musee du Cluny, Paris: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cernunnos.jpg
Beltane flower garland: http://thediscreetwitch.blogspot.com/2013/04/idea-book-beltane.html
Maypole wrapped in ribbons: http://deafpagancrossroads.com/2011/05/01/dancing-the-maypole/
May Queen leading the White Women, Edinburgh Fire Festival: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Beltane_Fire_Festival_2012_-_Procession.JPG
Green Man and May Queen at the Bower, Edinburgh Fire Festival: http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/edinburghandeastscotland/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8292000/8292893.stm
Hastings Jack-in-the-Green Grand Procession: Hastings Jack-in-the-Green Grand Procession
The Old Obby Oss, Padstown: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_obby_oss_maiden_20050502.jpg
Green Man,Týnská School, Prague: http://kazil.home.xs4all.nl/greenman.html#Prague
Blattmaske, Bamberger Cathedral: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domreiter,_Blattmaske.jpg
Green Man, Notre Dame, Paris: http://greenman.drupalgardens.com/sites/greenman.drupalgardens.com/files/styles/green_man/public/Green%20Man%20Notre%20Dame%20external4%20web.jpg?itok=lFPDNjIc
Green Man Lincoln Cathedral: http://www.greenmaneastanglia.co.uk/Lincs.html
Main Entrance of Church of Our Lady, Halle, Belgium: http://www.the-great-learning.com/pilgrim-network/benelux/greenman-halleb-en.htm
Closing Blessed Beltane clip art: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Blessed+Beltane&FORM=HDRSC2#view=detail&id=4DF646B1BE8A0A270955C7CEFE184B85C850B0BD&selectedIndex=2
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