Welcome to the David Victor Vector Blog

Welcome to the David Victor Vector blog. This is blog that covers religious observances around the world international affairs and global business. This blog describes religious holidays for most major religions as well as raising issues dealing with globalization, international business ethics, cross-cultural business communication and political events affecting business in an integrated world economy. I look forward your discussion and commentary on these articles and subjects. Enjoy!
Showing posts with label Taoism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Taoism. Show all posts

Saturday, January 21, 2023

Year of the Black Water Rabbit


Sunday, January 22, begins the Year of the Rabbit. It is the beginning of the year 4720 (in some traditions, 4721) in the Asian lunar system, which is the Year of the Black Water Rabbit. 

In today’s posting, I would like to share with you some specifics about the Year of the Rabbit as well as some background to the Asian Zodiac system as a whole. Please note that the East Asian Lunar New Year is more than the Chinese New Year (CNY). It is appropriate to refer Chinese New Year (or Spring Festival) only when referring to the Lunar New Year as celebrated in China. Using CNY to refer to the whole range of cultures observing the Lunar New Year, though, discounts the millions of non-Chinese celebrations of the occasion. These include the Mongolian Tsagaan Sar, Korean Seollal, Japanese Oshogatsu, and Bhutanese and Tibetan Losar and so on.  For more on the general holiday of the East Asian Lunar New Year, please see my post 

For more on the special impact, beliefs and predictions for the Zodiac animals since 2012, please seem my posts from each year at

2)  Business Impact In years past, I have posted separately in the  the business effects from travel to special editions of coins, stamps and gifts for the Lunar New Year around the world. I have not had the chance to do so this year. You may find the posts from 2012-2019 of value in giving an idea of this. Here is the post from the   

3) Celebrations around the world. Likewise in years past I have listed roughly 250 celebrations, parades and festivals held around the world outside of countries where the majority of the population celebrates the Lunar New Year. Unfortunately, with the COVID-19 pandemic, these were mostly cancelled both in 2020 and 2021.  Before the the pandemic, in the PRC alone, travelers for the Chunyun travel period made roughly 3 billion individual trips, with a dailky high in  In 2020, that number had collapsed to roughly 1.5 billion trips -- to be sure still the largest movement of people for a single event that year, but a fraction of what it had been. The  chart below from Hu Xuechen (Feb. 18 2021) on CGTN visually brings home the point.




To learn more of how this took shape in earlier years as well as a list of celebrations outside East Asia, here is the 2017 link as an example. for the 2017 list.
 

The Asian Zodiac Briefly Explained 

The Asian Zodiac (or horoscope) associated with the Asian or Chinese Lunar New Year is taken very seriously by those who follow it in their tradition. The significance attributed to the combinations associated with the Asian horoscope affects business decisions, dates selected for important events such as weddings, and many other aspects of daily life. These views are widely shared, with a larger following than any single religion -- Western or Eastern. As a result, these beliefs should be treated with the respect accorded a religious belief (rather than with that of superstition as Western astrology is sometimes treated).

The Lunar Calendar

Because the Asian lunar calendar follows the moon, it seems to move within our solar-based Gregorian calendar. Moreover, the Gregorian calendar does not correspond fully with the Asian lunar calendar. Thus, January 22 marks the beginning of the Asian lunar calendar only this year. Last year in 2022, the Year of the Tiger began on February 1. For 2021, the Year of the Ox began on February 12.  In 2020, the Year of the Rat began on January 25. Similarly, the Lunar New year began  February 5  for the Year of the Pig in 2019; on February 16 for the Year of the Dog in 2018, January 28 for the Year of the Rooster in 2017; February 8, 2016 for the Year of the Monkey, and so forth.

The Twelve Animals of the Zodiac

The lunar calendar runs on a cycle of 12 years each represented by an animal.  The animals all have a balance of compatibility or incompatibility as represented in their place in the circle of the 12-year cycle. This year is the Year of the Ox, the last and 2nd animal in the cycle. 


The 12 Animals of the Zodiac

The 12 animals in their order are

  1. Rat
  2. Ox
  3. Tiger
  4. Rabbit
  5. Dragon
  6. Snake
  7. Horse
  8. Ram/Sheep/Goat
  9. Monkey
  10. Rooster
  11. Dog
  12. Pig

Each animal corresponds to a month of the lunar year. The rabbit, this year's governing animal, corresponds to the 4th animal in the cycle.

The Five Elements of the Wu Xing Cycle

Additionally, each 12-year cycle of animals runs on an additional cycle corresponding to the Wu Xing cycle of the five traditional Chinese elements. These are
  1. metal
  2. fire
  3. wood
  4. water
  5. earth
  6. Wu Xing Cycle


The five elements are in balance with each other, the basis of much of feng shui. For this Lunar New Year, the governing element is Water.

Combined, each of the five elements combines with each of the 12 animals that forms a 60-year cycle.  The current 12-year cycle combines the Rabbit with the element of Water.  

Each combination in the 60-year cycle has its own attribute, combining the animal of the "earthly branch" with the element of the "heavenly stem." This year the Heavenly stem is "kuei" (or gui) and the Earthly branch is "mao"-- with the "kuei mao" (癸卯) year, known as the "Rabbit Running Through the Forest." Each 60-year combination is considered highly unique, since -- at 60 years apart, the combination of a person's birth year is at once-in-a-lifetime occurrence. Thus the last time we had a "kuei mao" year was 1963.

Finally, each element is also associated with a color. In the case of water, that color is black.

Thus, this year is the Year of the Black Water Rabbit.


Spiritual Importance of the Asian Horoscope

Many followers of the Asian zodiac have a formal religious belief in the importance of the animal element combinations associated with each year in the 60-year cycle. This is clearly the case for those practicing Taoism.

Taoist Tradition

For Taoists, the New Year is always of religious significance. This because in Taoism, the Lunar New Year's first day is a time when lesser deities or spirits are believed to ascend to the throne of the Jade Emperor (King of Heaven).  In Taoist tradition, the 12 animals were in a contest to greet the Jade Emperor; a 13th animal – the cat – was tricked by the rat (about five variations of how exist), which explains why cats have hated rats ever since.  A children's version of this story is told in an very pleasant rendition at the Topmarks education site. I encourage you to take a look at this version at 

The 12 Zodiac animals
in their race
Buddhist Tradition

The New Year is a religious event as well for a great number of the sects of Buddhism, and most famously for Tibetan and Burmese Buddhists. In Buddhist tradition, the 12 animals were in a race to do honor to Lord Buddha on the eve of his death.   

East Asian Folk Beliefs

East Asian folk beliefs are a broad grouping of folk practices that range from deeply-held religious traditions )to popular practices rooted in the local cultures. These practices are widespread, and have a far greater reach than those who claim a specific faith (Taoism or Buddhism) to those who claim a different belief or no belief at all. In Chinese, these have perhaps a dozen  names such as "Chinese ethnic religion" or mínjiān zōngjiào (族宗教) or Shenxianism or shénxiān jiào (神仙教). In Mongolian, these practices are known as Tengrism or reverence of Tengri (the Mongolian name for the Jade Emperor). In Korean, the Great Race is included in the Han'guk sinwha or Korean mythological narratives associated with Shindo (신도) ith, followed as folk practices not only by Buddhists and those claiming no religion but even among some Christian groups as a local custom.  

The strength of these folk beliefs is often difficult for those in Europe and the Americas to understand. A counterpart to the range of adherence to these folk religions put in the context of Europe and the Americas would be the broad grouping of deeply-held religious beliefs  as "Protestant" despite being separate faiths (e.g., Baptist, Unitarian, Methodist) to popular non-Christian but deeply-held semi-religious traditions (e.g., folk religion) practices rooted in the local culture such as Santa Claus, the Christmas Tree, the Easter Bunny, etc. 

Additionally, though Confucianism is not technically a religion (but rather a philosophical system), its followers also traditional observe the Lunar New Year to show reverence to their ancestors.  Because of this, even Christians and practitioners of other faiths in such countries as  as Korea, Bhutan, Mongolia or Vietnam generally celebrate the holiday. The same holds true for those people in cultures with strong Confucian customs who have no religion at all or for those with mixed traditions.

The Role of the Rabbit in the Great Race

In all of the traditions, the arrival of the animals was the same in order. In other words, in all traditions, the ox arrived second even though seeming at first to have won the race. Unable to swim across the great river at the end of the race, the rat had promised to guide the near-sighted ox in return for clinging to the ox's back across the torrent. Once safely across, though, the rat never dismounted and instead scampered onto the ox's nose to claim first place. The place order of each zodiac animal in the Great Race is significant. All 13 animals (including the cat who arrived after the race ended) had to pass over land and water to reach the Jade Emperor/Lord Buddha. 

The rabbit took fourth place in the Great Race. The rabbit's role in the Great Race exemplifies both its overconfidence and its ability to take advantage of good luck when it presents itself. The rabbit boasted that it was the fastest of the animals. The slow ox, with the rabbit's help, trained to increase its speed. The rabbit and the ox then made a pact that during the Great Race, the two animals would run together. On the day of the race, however, the rabbit broke its promise and raced far ahead of the ox. Looking back and, seeing that it was far ahead of the other animals, the rabbit decided to take a quick nap. When the rabbit awoke, it saw that it had fallen well behind many of the other animals. The rabbit then used its great speed to catch up. However, when the rabbit came to the bank of the great river, it realized that it could not swim across. Undeterred, the rabbit scanned the river and found the tips of stones sticking just about the water. The rabbit then nimbly leapt from stone to stone until it reached the middle of the river here the stones stopped. Here is when the rabbit's luck came into play, as just as the rabbit thought it would be stranded mid-river, a water-soaked log floated by. The rabbit jumped on the log which then washed ashore, with the rabbit on it. The rabbit's good luck notwithstanding, its ordeal of being stranded mid-stream affected its outlook thereafter. The result is that the rabbit from then on is conservative in action, preferring safety over a risky opportunity.

When the rabbit sprinted to the finish line, it found that it had fallen into fourth place. Even the ox whom it had abandoned, had beaten him.   The rabbit felt shame when the ox stared disdainfully down on the partner that betrayed it. The rabbit was so shamed that to this day it hides beneath the ground to avoid the condemning gaze.  

Chinese Astrology Not A Particular Accurate Term

The system discussed here is often called Chinese astrology. This is a misnomer for two reasons.  First, the holiday is far more widely observed than in just China, especially in Korea, Singapore, Bhutan, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam as well as those from these backgrounds living in other countries. 

East Asian lunar zodiac
That said, for all the culturally diverse places in which the Asian New Year is celebrated, the calendar on which it is based does have its origins in China. The first written records of the calendar and the celebration of the New Year date to China’s Shang Dynasty (1766-1050 BC), although traditionally it is believed to date back to the rule of the semi-mythical Yellow Emperor Huang Di around 2600 BC.

A second reason the phrase Chinese astrology is a misnomer is that the system really has nothing to do with constellations as astrology does in the West. It is less a reading of the stars than an interpretation of the importance of the time, date and year in which one is born.  To the extent that when one is born matters to Western-style astrology, there is a correspondence. Moreover, there is another similarity as the five elements in the system, in fact, do correspond with the five planets known in ancient China.



Tang Dynasty (8th Century), Shaanxi Archaeology Institute, Xian, China


Because of these corresponding commonalities with Western astrology, many people call the Asian system’s combinations of animals and elements the lunar or Chinese “horoscope”.  This is a bit of a misnomer, however, not only for the reasons just described but because the way in which people view the two “horoscopes” is very different.  

The difference here is that many people (although with many exceptions) in Europe, Australia and the Americas consider the Western zodiac horoscope of star signs (Scorpio, Sagittarius, etc.) to be a form of superstition, a game or something believed only partially. 

This is NOT the case with the Asian lunar horoscope cycle, where people follow their sign very seriously. As a result, the system, though it transcends that of any specific religion, should be treated with the respect accorded religious beliefs. In any case, the point here is that in a cross-cultural and inter-religious sense, the issue of lunar horoscope animal element signs should be treated with respect.

Geomancy, Feng Shui and Zodiac Consultants' Influence

The importance attributed to the predictions of the each animal affects business and political decisions for over one billion people. Among the notable masters, many have an influence among Chinese and other East Asian diaspora communities as well as a growing number of non-Asian adherents. Among the earlier populizers of East Asian zodiac forecasting were book authors such as Man-ho Kwok who published over a dozen books in English on the subject in the 1990s. 

As the Internet grew and ties with East Asian business leaders became more intertwined,  many other Masters grew in importance outside of East Asia. For example, the Trump organization and Donald Trump himself relied on the guidance of New York-based Master Pun-Yin in the building of Trump Tower. Canadian-based Paul Ng was notable already for a wide range of clients in 66 countries before his appearances on US-based CNN in 2013, US-based Bloomberg TV and Canada's CTV in 2014 made him a recognizable figure thereafter to a wide audience. Likewise Hong Kong-based Grand Master Raymond Lo has had audience's well outside of China also appearing on the BBC, CNN, "Good Morning America" more. He has carried a wide following since his prediction of the fall of the USSR's Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 and the 2000 NASDAQ collapse.    

Personality Traits and Asian Astrological Year


Year of the Rabbit sidewalk plate
Philadelphia Chinatown
Many people attribute a great deal of significance to the personality traits attributed to the animal associated with the year in which they are born. These are not something that people take lightly.


Each animal has its own traits, and then each animal and element combination has their own subtraits. These are explained later in the blog.

As with all Asian Lunar zodiac animals, Rabbit people have both positive and negative attributes. 

Positive Rabbit Traits

Rabbit people (and thus the effects of the Year of the Rabbit) are associated with a strong but steady approach. As  Master Pun-yin puts it: "The Rabbit is diplomatic and calm. Artistic, sensitive, and moody at times, the Rabbit is gracious, good mannered, and personable. The Rabbit is popular but frequently needs some alone time to recharge. Lucky in business and career, possibly because of their good negotiating skills. Rabbit can hide a cunning mind behind a placid exterior." Some debate exists regarding whether Rabbit people are succeed because they are lucky or are lucky because they are conservative in their choices and are uncomfortable with risky enterprises.

 

Rabbit people are famous for trusting their intelligence and imagination. They are innately creative while cautious in what they create. They thrive on maintaining a harmonious environment. As Man-Ho Kwok in his book on Chinese Astrology puts it, Rabbit people "instinctively want to create a peaceful and comfortable atmosphere... [making the Rabbit] a very hospitable host, attentive to the needs of others, ensuring that they do not feel isolated or neglected."  (p. 18)  

Rabbit Pendant,
Western Zhou Dynasty, 10th Century BCE
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida



builds on this, noting that Tiger people:

are excited by new challenges, unusual places, and unexpected events... Your attention is caught by the unpredictable, and while others may be cautious, you are not afraid to explore the potential in unlikely situations. (p. 16). 

 

Finally, rabbits are considered beautiful... or in Japan, the quintessentially kawaii (adorably cute). Nowhere is this more apparent than in Kyoto's Okazaki Shrine, devoted entirely to enormously kawaii rabbits. 

 

Kawaii rabbit, Okasaki Shrine, Kyoto

Negative Rabbit Traits

The negative side of Rabbit people is the flip-side of their caution. As Moon-ho Kwok explains, Rabbit people are famously uncomfortable expressing disagreement or dissent:
When faced with a dilemma or if you a just feeling low, you tend to keep your thoughts well hidden in the belief that it is not appropriate for you to make demands or force your opinions on others. (p. 18)
 Relatedly, Rabbit people tend to lack ambition and find safety in bureaucracy and other social safety nets.
 

Compatibility With Other Signs


 
Rabbit people are liked by most. The only sign incompatible with the Rabbit is the attention-seeking Rooster. All other Zodiac signs like and are liked by the Rabbit.  The most compatible of all signs for the Rabbit are the Dog and the Goat/Ram/Sheep. The Dog's dependability and loyalty play well with the Rabbit's need for security, while the Rabbit's ability to soothe others' emotions puts at rest the jealousy common among Dog people. The Rabbit and Goat/Ram/Sheep work well as both are creative. The Rabbit makes the Goat/Ram/Sheep's dreaming and unrealistic fancies into a more conservative realm, while the Rabbit is inspired and amused by the Goat/Ram/Sheep's whimsical ideas and imaginative flourishes. Interestingly, even though the Rabbit betrayed the Ox in the Great Race, the two remain compatible because both crave security and planning ahead.  
 
 

Famous Rabbit People
 

 

Rabbit People's intelligence and creativity result in their disproportionate number in creative activities and areas of great intelligence and planning. Their ability to smooth over people's hurt feelings and maintain harmony also lead them into leadership roles. Their quick wit results in many comic actors and comedians. Finally, their athletic abilities and speed result in a great number of athletes. 

Famous Rabbit People Thinkers, Creators and Scientists 
  • Marie Skłodowska Curie, Polish and French double Nobel Laureate, once in Physics (in 1903, the first ever to a woman in any field) and once in Chemistry (in 1911), who pioneered the field of radioactivity (a word she coined)
  • Albert Einstein, German-born American physicist, Nobel Laureate and Creator of the Theory of Relativity
  • James Franklin Hyde, US inventor credited with creating the silicone industry 
  • Anatoly Karpov, Russian Chess Grandmaster
  • Garry Kasparov, Russian Chess Grandmaster and political activist 
  • Louis Leakey, Kenyan-British Paleoanthropologist and archaeologist
  • Cecil Frank Powell, UK physicist and Nobel laureate, and discoverer of the pion subatomic particle  
  • Adam Smith, whose The Wealth of Nations founded capitalism and revolutionized the study of economics
  • Benjamin Spock, US pediatrician whose Baby and Child Care became the best-selling child care book of all time
  • John von Neumann, Hungarian American mathematician, early computer scientist (creator of the Von Neumann architecture_) inventor of Von Neumann universal constructor (the first self-replicating machine), and key figure in game theory
  • Ye Rongguang, China's first ever chess grandmaster
  • Karl Zener, US perceptual psychologist, creator of the Zener Cards used to research extrasensory perception in a scientific setting

Famous Rabbit People -- Business
Famous Rabbit People -- World Leaders and Politicians

Famous Rabbit People -- Writers

Famous Rabbit People -- Visual Arts
Famous Rabbit People -- Athletes
  • David Beckham, English soccer great
  • Maria Bueno, Brazilian tennis great who, with 19 Grand Slam titles, is the most successful Latin American female tennis player
  • Lou Gehrig, baseball great, the first MLB player to have his uniform number retired 
  • Michael Jordan, widely considered the best basketball player in history
  • Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis great, Olympic silver medalist, and the only Russian to have won tennis' Grand Slam  
Famous Rabbit People -- Singers, Rappers and Musicians
  • Coolio, US rapper best known for his Gangsta's Paradise
  • Bing Crosby, US crooner and actor whose "White Christmas" is the best-selling single of all time (according the Guinness Book of World Records) with over 50 million sold
  • Marvin Gaye, US R&B singer songwriter known as the "Prince of Motown"
  • Billie Holiday, jazz great singer with four Grammy Awards and known as "Lady Day"
  • Whitney Houston, US singer and actress, among the best-selling female singers of all time with over 2 million records sold
  • Kendrick Lamar, US Grammy Award winning rapper, and first rapper to win the Pulitzer Prize for music (in 2018)
  • Edith Piaf, France's most-widely known chanteuse, whose signature song "La Vie En Rose" is one of the most widely covered songs in music
  • Leontyne Price, US opera singer and first African American soprano to receive international recognition
  • Frank Sinatra, US best-selling singer and Oscar-winning actor
  • Sting, UK singer, songwriter and actor with 17 Grammy Awards, an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award and four Oscar nominations
  • Lawrence Welk, US bandleader and TV variety show star
Famous Rabbit People -- Actors, Comedians, Directors and Filmmakers
  • Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress with three Oscars, four Golden Globes and a Tony Award, often consider among the most influential actresses of all time
  • Francis Ford Coppola, US director and screenwriter, with 14 Oscars (out of 55 nominations) and 10 Golden Globes (out of 42 nominations), whose Godfather trilogy remade the concept of crime movies
  • Johnny Depp, Golden-Globe-winning US actor
  • Ethel Barrymore, known as the "First Lady of American Theater" for her dominance of stage, radio and eventually movies in the first half of the 20th Century 
  • Bob Hope, UK-born US comedian and actor
  • Angelina Jolie, US Oscar-winning actress and humanitarian activist
  • Brad Pitt, US Oscar-winning actor and producer
  • Sidney Poitier, Bahamian-born actor, who was the first black person to win an Academy Award (for 1963 Lillies of the Field) as well as an Honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement in 2001, winner of the 2009 US Presidential Award of Freedom and more
  • Will Rogers, US comedian and social commentator
  • Orson Welles, US actor, director, screenwriter and producer, whose first film, Citizen Kane (1941) which he wrote, directed and starred in, is consistently ranked among the best films ever made
  • Robin Williams, US comedian and actor, winner of six Golden Globes, five Grammy Awards and two prime-time Emmy Awards with four Oscar nominations (including one win for Good Will Hunting)
  • Donnie Yen, Hong Kong actor, mixed martial arts master and director, who is among the most influential figures in Asian action films and often given credit for bringing mixed martial arts to a wide audience throughout Asia


Whatever your outcome for the year, Happy Year of the Black Water Rabbit!


Bunnies and tiger painted on outside side wall of Front Temple, 
Sesimsa Temple, Chungcheongnam Province, South Korea





Clip Art Sources:




Yin Yang animation: http://www.eharrishome.com/Kungfu.html


The 12 Zodiac animals in their race:  http://media.photobucket.com/image/recent/firefoxthief/zodiaccolor.jpg'


Year of the Rabbit  sidewalk plate, Philadelphia Chinatown: Own photograph

Rabbit Pendant, Western Zhou Dynasty, 10th Century BCE Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida, https://medium.com/norton-museum-of-art/the-chinese-year-of-the-ox-727059b7e442
 

Bunnies and tiger painted on outside side wall of Front Temple, Sesimsa Temple, Chungcheongnam Province, South Korea: Own photograph

Want to Learn More

 
For more on the Asian Zodiac and Astrology in General, please see:


Richard Craze, Handbook of Chinese Astrology, Lorenz Books, 2013.

Man-ho Kwok, Chinese Astrology: Forecast Your Future from Your Chinese Horoscope, Tuttle Publishing, 1997.

Theodora Lau and Laura Lau, The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (7th edition), Collins Reference, 2010.

Susan Levitt and Jean Tang, Taoist Astrology: A Handbook of the Authentic Chinese Tradition, Destiny Books, 1997.

David W. Pankenier, Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Neil Somerville, Your Chinese Horoscope for Each and Every Year, Harper Thomsons, 2017.

Ruth Q. Sun and Norma Sun, Asian Animal Zodiac, Tuttle Publishing, 2012.

Xiaochun Sun, "Crossing the Boundaries Between Heaven and Man: Astronomy in Ancient China," in Astronomy Across Cultures, ed. Helaine Selin and adv. ed. Sun Xiaochun: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

David Twicken, Five Element Chinese Astrology Made Easy, iUniverse, 2000.

Derek Walters, The Complete Guide to Chinese Astrology, Watkins Publishing, 2005.

Suzanne White, The New Chinese Astrology, Thomas Dunne Books, 2015.

Charles Alfred Speed Williams. Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs (2000), New York: Castle Books.

Shelly Wu, Chinese Astrology: Exploring the Eastern Zodiac, New Page Books, 2005.

Shelly Wu, The Definitive Book of Chinese Astrology, Weiser, 2010.

Zhongzian Wu, The 12 Chinese Animals: Create Harmony in your Daily Life through Ancient Chinese Wisdom, Singing Dragon Press, 2010.

Zhongzian Wu and Karin Taylor Wu, Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches: The Heart of Chinese Wisdome Traditions, Singing Dragon Press, 2016.

Master Pun-Yin, "Chinese Zodiac," https://www.punyin.com/feng-shui/chinese-zodiac/index.html

Ho-Peng Yoke, Chinese Mathematical Astrology: Reaching Out to the Stars, Routledge, 2003. This is the pre-eminent book on the mathematical science of Asian lunar horoscope calculations. It is downloadable at http://www.ebook3000.com/Chinese-Mathematical-Astrology--Reaching-out-for-the-stars--Needham-Research-Institute-Series-_130932.html




For general popular websites on Asian Astrology and the Zodiac, please see:

China Voc.com "Zodiac" http://www.chinavoc.com/zodiac/index.asp

Chinese Fortune Calendar http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/5EBasic.htm

Chinese Horoscope-e.com, "Basic Chinese Horoscope," http://chinesehoroscop-e.com/index.html

Malaysia Site, "Chinese New Year,"  http://www.malaysiasite.nl/newyear.htm

Online Chinese Astrology http://www.onlinechineseastrology.com/

Topmarks Education, "Zodiac Story, Chinese New Year."  http://www.topmarks.co.uk/ChineseNewYear/ZodiacStory.aspx

"Your Chinese Astrology": https://www.yourchineseastrology.com/

Sunday, January 12, 2014

Year of the Green Wood Horse: Some Background

Friday, January 31, 2014 begins the Year of the Horse. It is the beginning of the year 4711 (in some traditions, 4712) in the Asian lunar system, which is the Year of the Wood Horse.   

In today’s posting, I would like to share with you some specifics about the Year of the Horse as well as some background to the Asian Zodiac system as a whole.

That said, you may also be interested in reading three related posts on

1)  Lunar New Year Customs around the world at
http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2013/01/lunar-new-year-celebrations-around.html

2)  Year of the Horse: Business Impact  at   http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2014/01/year-of-horse-business-impact.html

3) List of 145 Year of the Horse Festivals gives 145 major celebrations (parades, galas or other celebrations) for the Year of the Horse in 26 countries beyond where it is officially part of the tradition. Of these, 55 are in the United States, 23 in Canada, 18 in the United Kingdom, 13  in Australia,  and 8 in France with the others spread across the globe. You can read this at http://davidvictorvector.blogspot.com/2014/01/year-of-horse-celebrations-around-world.html

In today’s posting, though, we look only at the background to the Year of the Horse specifically and the Asian Zodiac system as a whole.

The Asian Zodiac Briefly Explained


The Asian Zodiac (or horoscope) associated with the Asian or Chinese New Year is taken very seriously by those who follow it in their tradition. The significance attributed to the combinations associated with the Asian horoscope affect business decisions, dates selected for important events such as weddings, and many other aspects of daily life. These views are widely shared, with a larger following than any single religion -- Western or Eastern. As a result, these beliefs should be treated with the respect accorded a religious belief (rather than with that of superstition as Western astrology is sometimes treated).

The Lunar Calendar

Because the Asian lunar calendar follows the moon, it seems to move within our solar-based Gregorian calendar. Moreover, the Gregorian calendar does not correspond fully with the Asian lunar calendar. Thus, January 31  marks the beginning of the Asian lunar calendar only this year  for the Year of the Horse (for instance, it began last year on February 10, 2013 with the last day of that year -- Year of the Snake -- falling on January 30, 2014).

The Twelve Animals of the Zodiac

The lunar calendar runs on a cycle of 12 years each represented by an animal.  The animals all have a balance of compatability or incompatability as represented in their place in the circle of the 12-year cycle. This year is the Year of the Horse.
The 12 Animals of the Zodiac


The 12 animals in their order are

  1. Rat
  2. Ox
  3. Tiger
  4. Rabbit
  5. Dragon
  6. Snake
  7. Horse
  8. Sheep
  9. Monkey
  10. Rooster
  11. Dog
  12. Pig

Each animal corresponds to a month of the lunar year. The horse, this year's governing animal,  corresponds to the seventh animal in the cycle.
Horse, Middle Tang Dynasty China, 8th Century CE
Los Angeles County Museum of Art



The Five Elements of the Wu Xing Cycle
Additionally, each 12-year cycle of animals runs on an additional cycle corresponding to the Wu Xing cycle of the five traditional Chinese elements. These are
  1. metal
  2. fire
  3. wood
  4. water
  5. earth
  6. Wu Xing Cycle


The five elements are in balance with each other, the basis of much of feng shui.

Each element is also associated with a color. In the case of wood, that color is green.

Combined, each element combines with each animal over a period of 60 years.  The current 12-year cycle combines with the element of Water. Thus, this year is the Year of the Green Wood Horse.  



Spiritual Importance of the Asian Horoscope

Many followers of the Asian zodiac have a formal religious belief in the importance of the animal element combinations associated with each year in the 60-year cycle. This is clearly the case for those practicing Taoism.


For Taoists, the New Year is always of religious significance. This because in Taoism, the Lunar New Year's first day is a time when lesser deities or spirits are believed to ascend to the throne of the Jade Emperor (King of Heaven).  In Taoist tradition, the 12 animals were in a contest to greet the Jade Emperor; a 13th animal – the cat – was tricked by the rat (about five variations of how exist), which explains why cats have hated rats ever since.  A children's version of this story is told in an very pleasant rendition at the Topmarks education site. I encourage you to take a look at this version at http://www.topmarks.co.uk/ChineseNewYear/ZodiacStory.aspx

The 12 Zodiac animals
in their race

The New Year is a religious event as well for a great number of the sects of Buddhism, and most famously for Tibetan Buddhists. In Buddhist tradition, the 12 animals were in a race to do honor to Lord Buddha on the eve of his death.  The rat and cat story is part of this tradition, too.  Incidentally, the rat was the first animal to greet Buddha.  He did so by helping the ox (which had poor eyesight) find his way across a stream by riding on his head.  When the two reach Lord Buddha on the other shore, the rat jumped off the ox’s head, reaching Lord Buddha first.  

Additionally, though Confucianism is not technically a religion (but rather a philosophical system), its followers also traditional observe the lunar New Year to show reverence to their ancestors.  Because of this, even Christians and practitioners of other faiths in such countries as  as Korea or Vietnam generally celebrate the holiday. The same holds true for those people in cultures with strong Confucian customs who have no religion at all or for those with mixed traditions.


Personality Traits and Asian Astrological Year

Qing Dynasty Jade Horse carrying across the waves
a flaming jewel (symbol of Buddha's Doctrine)
Asian Art Museum, San Francisco
Many people attribute a great deal of significance to the personality traits attributed to the animal associated with the year in which they are born.  Each animal has its own traits, and then each animal and element combination has their own subtraits. These are explained later in the blog
Horse, Circle of the Zodiac (2011)
by Ai Weiwei
The Year of the Horse is associated with strength, high energy and intelligence. As with all Asian Horoscope years, those believers born in a previous Year of the Horse (e.g., 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990 or 2002) will find this year an especially auspicious year.
Horse and Rider, Silla Kingdom (6th Century CE)
National Museum of Korea, Seoul
It is important to note that the animal of one’s birth year is not seen as fully able to stand on its own in understanding an individual’s personality traits and tendencies. These must at a minimum, as we have discussed, take into account the associated five elements. Additionally, East Asian astrologers account for the inner or secret animal assigned by the day of the month and hour of the day on which one is born.  In all, there are 8640 combinations (e.g., 12 months, 5 elements, 12 months, 12 times of day).


Chinese Astrology Not A Particular Accurate Term

The system discussed here is often called Chinese astrology. This is a misnomer for two reasons.  First, the holiday is far more widely observed than in just China, especially in Korea, Singapore, Bhutan, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia and Vietnam as well as those from these backgrounds living in other countries. 

I have described the holiday in general in this post. In a future post, I will discuss followed the culturally specific differences in customs at the close of this summary.

East Asian lunar zodiac
That said, for all the culturally diverse places in which the Asian New Year is celebrated, the calendar on which it is based does have its origins in China. The first written records of the calendar and the celebration of the New Year date to China’s Shang Dynasty (1766-1050 BC), although traditionally it is believed to date back to the rule of the semi-mythical Yellow Emperor Huang Di around 2600 BC.

A second reason the phrase Chinese astrology is a misnomer is that the system really has nothing to do with constellations as astrology does in the West. It is less a reading of the stars than an interpretation of the importance of the time, date and year in which one is born.  To the extent that when one is born matters to Western-style astrology, there is a correspondence. Moreover, there is another similarity as the five elements in the system, in fact, do correspond with the five planets known in ancient China.

Because of these corresponding commonalities with Western astrology, many people call the Asian system’s combinations of animals and elements the lunar or Chinese “horoscope”.  This is a bit of a misnomer, however, not only for the reasons just described but because the way in which people view the two “horoscopes” is very different.  

The difference here is that many people (although with many exceptions) in Europe, Australia and the Americas consider the Western zodiac horoscope of star signs (Scorpio, Sagittarius, etc.) to be a form of superstition, a game or something believed only partially. 


This is NOT the case with the Asian lunar horoscope cycle, where people follow their sign very seriously. As a result, the system, though it transcends that of any specific religion, should be treated with the respect accorded religious beliefs. In any case, the point here is that in a cross-cultural and inter-religious sense, the issue of lunar horoscope animal element signs should be treated with respect.

The Horse in Buddhist and Taoist Tradition


The horse in Buddhist and Taoist tradition originally not only was the most graceful and strongest runner on land but had great wings with which he soared through the skies and a great skill in the water so that he could swim easily for hours at a time.  Because the horse was so talented whether on land, in the skies or in the water, he grew very full of himself and haughty.  Man-Ho Kwok in his book on Chinese Astrology (listed in the bibliography below) relates the rest of this Taoist tale regarding the Horse and the Jade Emperor as follows:
One day he [the Horse] was asked to take a message to the Dragon King of the East Sea. Stopped by the King's guards on his way into the palace, he became furious and kick an unfortunate guard to death. When the Emperor heard of this, he ordered that the horse's wings be cut off and the horse placed underneath a great mountain. After two hundred years of agony beneath the mountain, the ancestor of humanity passed by. Hearing him, the horse cried out that he wished to dedicate his life to serving humanity. The ancestor was moved by this and used magic to free the horse. In thanks, the horse dedicated himself to humans, ploughing the fields, transporting goods and fighting bravely in battle. Consequently, when the animal signs were chosen, the horse was one of the first to be recommended by the people, and was duly appointed by the Jade Emperor in acknowledgement of their works.  (Kwok, p. 24)
Buddha's horse Kanthaka
(2nd Century) British Museum, London
The view of the horse has important positive associations with Buddhism as well. When Prince Siddhartha was not yet the Buddha, among his greatest attachments was to his faithful white horse Kanthaka.  Kanthaka took a part in nearly all events in the life of Siddhartha before he renounced the world on his path to becoming Lord Buddha. When Siddhartha renounced all things of the world, Kanthaka died of a broken heart and was reincarnated as a Brahmin.  





Special Regional Associations With The Horse

The horse has an especially important symbolic value within both Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhist traditions, both of which have within them the belief in the "wind horse" (lung-ta in Tibetan or khimorii in Mongolian). In both Tibetan and Mongolian traditions, the wind horse helps the soul on its journey to heaven. In China too the horse ties to the very earliest appearance of Buddhism's arrival in the country.
Tibetan lung-ta or "wind horse" 

The Horse in Tibetan Tradition

The wind horse in Tibetan Buddhism predates Buddhism as a shamanistic symbol in folk traditions (mi-cho, literally meaning "the religion of humans"). The religious use of the wind horse was not at first considered an accepted element of proper Buddhism (la-cho, or divine religion), but over time the two became interwoven. Today, the prayer flags used to bless their surroundings are called lung-ta, that is "wind horses."  
Tibetan prayer flags or "wind horses"
While other symbols are possible, the most common image appearing on the prayer flags is that of the horse with the three flaming jewels (symbols of the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha) carried on its back.  The prayer flags come in sets of five with each of the colors of the Five Pure Lights: blue, white, red, green and yellow. Tibetan Buddhist believe that the lung-ta spread peace, strength, wisdom and feelings of caring through the prayers and mantras associated with them. At this point, it is important to dispel a widespread myth about the prayer flags. Tibetan Buddhists do not see the lung-ta as specific prayers (which makes the name "prayer flag" a bit misleading). Rather, they see that the lung-ta disseminate prayer through the wind so that the prayers are for the general good of everyone rather than for a specific individual and a specific prayer. Thus, the wind horse is the symbol of the well-being of everyone. 

The Horse in Mongolian Tradition

In Mongolian Buddhism, the tradition of the "wind horse" (called khimorii or himori in Mongolian) is also a major symbol.  Indeed, so central is the wind horse to Mongolian identity it is the central image on the official state emblem of Mongolia. 

State Emblem of Mongolia

In Mongolian Buddhism, the horse is the symbol of good fortune and the fulfillment of wishes. Mongolian Buddhism is closely interwoven with shamanism that long predates Buddhism arrival in the country, and shamanism is widely practiced throughout modern Mongolian today. In Mongolian shamanism (and through it, associated Buddhism practice), the wind horse is the source of shamanistic power. It resides within the individual shaman (primarily located in his or her chest) and is the source of the shaman's power to do good deeds and to hold psychic power. The wind horse grows stronger with each good deed or good thought of the shaman and grows weaker with each bad deed or bad thought of the shaman. Because the horse is so central to the Mongolian concept of self-identity and good fortune, the Year of the Horse is a particularly propitious year there.

The Horse in Chinese Tradition
The horse as a symbol of Buddhism is among the oldest in Chinese history. In fact, the oldest Buddhist temple in China -- dating to 69 AD -- is the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, Henan Province.
White Horse Temple, Luoyang, Henan Province China
The White Horse Temple was established by the Chinese Emperor Ming-di of Han after he had a vision of the Buddha and sent representatives to India to find the source of his dream. The representatives returned to Luoyang (at the time the national capital) with two Buddhist monks riding on white horses. The two monks were Dharmaratna and Kasyapa Matanga (in Chinese Zhu Falan and Jia Yemoteng respectively) who came carrying Buddhist scriptures and statues.
Emperor Ming Di had a temple built which he named after the two white horses on which the monks arrived. It was at the White Horse Temple, in turn, where Dharmaratna and Kasyapa Matanga first translated the Sutra of Forty-Two Chapters into Chinese. Because of this, the horse has carried a long association with the introduction of Buddhism to the Chinese world.
 

Personality Traits Associated with Year of the Horse
It is important, again, to emphasize that for many people, the traits described here are taken very seriously and, by many others, at least somewhat seriously. The descriptions that follow are general traits. Professional astrologers in East Asia bore down through the specific year in the 60-year cycle (the element), the specific day and the specific hour of birth. As mentioned above, this produces 8640 possible permutations. The characteristics of any given year's zodiac animal, therefore, is considered by believers to be a very general influence.

Positive Horse Traits

Netsuke horse
18th Century Japan
Victoria & Albert Museum, London
Those born in the Year of the Horse are – on the positive side -- considered to be naturally optimistic, highly innovative and blessed with great charisma and exceptional persuasion skills.  As the Chinesezodiac.org site puts it,


These are the natural salespeople of the Chinese Zodiac. Their upbeat and physically magnetic nature combines with a love of thinking up new ideas. They love to help anyone and anything to get ahead, including themselves. Horses will do a good job. They want to succeed. Never underestimate a Horse native’s power of persuasion. http://www.chinesezodiac.org/horse#personality
Horse people are thought to be among the most outgoing of the signs and among the hardest workers. They are also restless, with a strong need to live freely and roam. As one online site explains:



Horse is an active and energetic sign. Horse is the sign of ardor. Those born under this sign are cheerful, full of energy, determined, popular,and smart. His adventurous spirit makes him eager to try new things and treat life like voyage...Free-spirited and open-minded, they are very likable. Their enthusiasm and vivacity make them famous. http://chinesehoroscop-e.com/Horse%20Zodiac.html 
Finally, people born in the Year of the Horse are excellent travelers, comfortable wherever they roam and adaptable to all sorts of cultures and settings they encounter.

Negative Traits
On the negative side, people born in the Year of the Horse are believed to be extremely difficult to characterize, as nearly every attribute is tempered by its opposite.. In other words, as the Suite 101 article "Chinese Zodiac Signs" explains: "People born in the Year of the Horse often have contradictory traits."

For example, while Horse people are extroverted and comfortable in crowds, they often prefer to work alone. Similarly, while they are described as having a strong need for intimacy, they fear being "penned in" without the ability to roam freely.

The one straightforward negative trait believers attribute to people born in the Year of the Horse is that they tend to be hot-tempered and narcissistic  As one Chinese Astrology site puts it:
The Horse is hot-blooded, hot-headed and impatient. He is a bit of an egoist, well, selfish sometimes, that it is rare for him to interest himself in any problems except his own. And though this egoist works only for himself and for his own success, his work nevertheless benefits everybody. http://www.chinesezodiac.org/horse

Horse, Qin Dynasty
Terracotta Army Museum, Xian, China



Year of the Wood Horse Predictions

Galloping Horse
by Xu Beihong (1895-1953)
Predictions for the Year of the Wood Horse are based on the personality attributes ascribed to the characteristics believed to describe all people born under the Horse zodiac sign. The attributes of wood are then superimposed on this.

While the personality attributes of people born in the Year of the Horse were described in greater detail above, generally speaking they are seen as being able to act very quickly. They are also perceived as having exceptional persistence and endurance, high energy, and an outgoing personality that natural attracts friendships.

The central characteristic of years governed by the element of wood is growth. This is often added to a tendency for people to lean on others and to take on more than they can handle.

The Year of the Wood Horse, in turn, combines these attributes. The result is a year (for everyone) of rapid personal and business growth, especially for those who pursue such growth with high energy and persistence. As astrologer Susan Levitt puts it:




The Wood Horse year is a time of fast victories, unexpected adventure, and surprising romance. It is an excellent year for travel, and the more far away and off the beaten path the better. Energy is high and production is rewarded. Decisive action, not procrastination, brings victory. But you have to act fast in a Horse year. http://susanlevitt.com/astrology/horse-year-2014/

The professional astrologer Paul Ng takes this further, balancing the year within the 60-year cycle. Ng explains that this is the Mountain-Wind Urn year in that cycle, with an uneven balance of yin and yang (2 yang influences as against 4 yin ones). He indicates a year of storminess in a 60-year occurence of the "Water Thunder Storage" so that "Clouds and thunder cross one another, with rain arriving. This hints the beginning of many things, such as our infancy stage." http://www.paulng.com/CMS/uploads/2014-geo.pdf 


Happy Year of the Wood Horse!




Want to Learn More

Chinese Horoscop-e.com, "Horse"   http://chinesehoroscop-e.com/Horse%20Zodiac.html

Chinese Zodiac.org, "Year of the Horse"  http://www.chinesezodiac.org/horse#personality

Man-ho Kwok, Chinese Astrology: Forecast Your Future from Your Chinese Horoscope, Tuttle Publishing, 1997.

Theodora Lau, The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (6th edition), Collins Reference, 2007.

Kah Joon Liow, "12 Chinese Zodiac Sign," Living Chinese Symbols http://www.living-chinese-symbols.com/12-chinese-zodiac-sign.html

Levitt, Susan, "Horse Year 2014": http://susanlevitt.com/astrology/horse-year-2014/

Paul Ng, "Predictions for 2014 (Year of the Wooden Horse)"  http://www.paulng.com/CMS/uploads/2014-geo.pdf

Online Chinese Astrology http://www.onlinechineseastrology.com/

Topmarks Education, "Zodiac Story, Chinese New Year."  http://www.topmarks.co.uk/ChineseNewYear/ZodiacStory.aspx

David Twicken, Five Element Chinese Astrology Made Easy, iUniverse, 2000.

Suzanne White, The New Chinese Astrology, Thomas Dunne Books, 2009.

Shelly Wu, Chinese Astrology: Exploring the Eastern Zodiac, New Page Books, 2005.

Derek Walters, The Complete Guide to Chinese Astrology, Watkins Publishing, 2005.

Ho-Peng Yoke, Chinese Mathematical Astrology: Reaching Out to the Stars, Routledge, 2003. This is the pre-eminent book on the mathematical science of Asian lunar horoscope calculations. It is downloadable at http://www.ebook3000.com/Chinese-Mathematical-Astrology--Reaching-out-for-the-stars--Needham-Research-Institute-Series-_130932.html


Clip Art Sources:
Yin Yang animation: http://www.eharrishome.com/Kungfu.html

The 12 Zodiac animals in their race:  http://media.photobucket.com/image/recent/firefoxthief/zodiaccolor.jpg'

Qing Dynasty Jade Horse with flaming jewel, Asian Museum, San Francisco: http://searchcollection.asianart.org/media/view/Objects/10449/8008?t:state:flow=7cb6396b-1064-4517-b439-15a54105cdfd

Horse and Rider, Silla Kingdom (6th Century CE), National Museum of Korea, Seoul:  http://www.museum.go.kr/program/relic/relicDetailEng.jsp?menuID=002005002&relicDetailID=15206&relicID=3802

Ai Weiwei, Horse from Circle of the Zodiac, 2011: http://www.designboom.com/art/ai-weiwei-circle-of-animals-zodiac-heads-world-tour/

East Asian Lunar Zodiac:  http://www.china-family-adventure.com/chinese-zodiac.html

Horse, Qin Dynasty Terracotta Army Museum, Xian, China:  http://www.emuseumstore.com/Chinese-Xian-Warrior-Horse-Terracotta-Statue-Large_p_3398.html


Galloping Horse by Xu Beihong (1895-1953): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XuBeihong-Pferd.jpg

Buddha's horse Kanthaka  (2nd Century) British Museum, London:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siddharta_parting_from_Kanthaka_and_Chandaka_BM_OA1880.65.jpg

Tibetan Lung-ta flag:http://vg.sitesalive.com/saturday-updates/qa/view/149/

Tibetan prayer flags or "wind horses": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prayerflags.jpg
 

State emblem of Mongolia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg

 White Horse Temple, Luoyang, Henan Province, China: http://www.buddhistedu.org/en/culture/buddhist-culture/218-the-white-horse-temple-first-buddhist-temple-in-china

Netsuke horse, 18th Century Japan, Victoria & Albert Museum, London: http://www.vam.ac.uk/__data/assets/image/0017/227042/2997-large_290x435.jpg 

Red horse design at start of personality trait description:  http://www.china-tour.cn/China-Pictures/Chinese_Zodiac_Horse.htm