Welcome to the David Victor Vector Blog

Welcome to the David Victor Vector blog. This is blog that covers religious observances around the world international affairs and global business. This blog describes religious holidays for most major religions as well as raising issues dealing with globalization, international business ethics, cross-cultural business communication and political events affecting business in an integrated world economy. I look forward your discussion and commentary on these articles and subjects. Enjoy!
Showing posts with label Buddhism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Buddhism. Show all posts

Saturday, January 21, 2023

Year of the Black Water Rabbit


Sunday, January 22, begins the Year of the Rabbit. It is the beginning of the year 4720 (in some traditions, 4721) in the Asian lunar system, which is the Year of the Black Water Rabbit. 

In today’s posting, I would like to share with you some specifics about the Year of the Rabbit as well as some background to the Asian Zodiac system as a whole. Please note that the East Asian Lunar New Year is more than the Chinese New Year (CNY). It is appropriate to refer Chinese New Year (or Spring Festival) only when referring to the Lunar New Year as celebrated in China. Using CNY to refer to the whole range of cultures observing the Lunar New Year, though, discounts the millions of non-Chinese celebrations of the occasion. These include the Mongolian Tsagaan Sar, Korean Seollal, Japanese Oshogatsu, and Bhutanese and Tibetan Losar and so on.  For more on the general holiday of the East Asian Lunar New Year, please see my post 

For more on the special impact, beliefs and predictions for the Zodiac animals since 2012, please seem my posts from each year at

2)  Business Impact In years past, I have posted separately in the  the business effects from travel to special editions of coins, stamps and gifts for the Lunar New Year around the world. I have not had the chance to do so this year. You may find the posts from 2012-2019 of value in giving an idea of this. Here is the post from the   

3) Celebrations around the world. Likewise in years past I have listed roughly 250 celebrations, parades and festivals held around the world outside of countries where the majority of the population celebrates the Lunar New Year. Unfortunately, with the COVID-19 pandemic, these were mostly cancelled both in 2020 and 2021.  Before the the pandemic, in the PRC alone, travelers for the Chunyun travel period made roughly 3 billion individual trips, with a dailky high in  In 2020, that number had collapsed to roughly 1.5 billion trips -- to be sure still the largest movement of people for a single event that year, but a fraction of what it had been. The  chart below from Hu Xuechen (Feb. 18 2021) on CGTN visually brings home the point.




To learn more of how this took shape in earlier years as well as a list of celebrations outside East Asia, here is the 2017 link as an example. for the 2017 list.
 

The Asian Zodiac Briefly Explained 

The Asian Zodiac (or horoscope) associated with the Asian or Chinese Lunar New Year is taken very seriously by those who follow it in their tradition. The significance attributed to the combinations associated with the Asian horoscope affects business decisions, dates selected for important events such as weddings, and many other aspects of daily life. These views are widely shared, with a larger following than any single religion -- Western or Eastern. As a result, these beliefs should be treated with the respect accorded a religious belief (rather than with that of superstition as Western astrology is sometimes treated).

The Lunar Calendar

Because the Asian lunar calendar follows the moon, it seems to move within our solar-based Gregorian calendar. Moreover, the Gregorian calendar does not correspond fully with the Asian lunar calendar. Thus, January 22 marks the beginning of the Asian lunar calendar only this year. Last year in 2022, the Year of the Tiger began on February 1. For 2021, the Year of the Ox began on February 12.  In 2020, the Year of the Rat began on January 25. Similarly, the Lunar New year began  February 5  for the Year of the Pig in 2019; on February 16 for the Year of the Dog in 2018, January 28 for the Year of the Rooster in 2017; February 8, 2016 for the Year of the Monkey, and so forth.

The Twelve Animals of the Zodiac

The lunar calendar runs on a cycle of 12 years each represented by an animal.  The animals all have a balance of compatibility or incompatibility as represented in their place in the circle of the 12-year cycle. This year is the Year of the Ox, the last and 2nd animal in the cycle. 


The 12 Animals of the Zodiac

The 12 animals in their order are

  1. Rat
  2. Ox
  3. Tiger
  4. Rabbit
  5. Dragon
  6. Snake
  7. Horse
  8. Ram/Sheep/Goat
  9. Monkey
  10. Rooster
  11. Dog
  12. Pig

Each animal corresponds to a month of the lunar year. The rabbit, this year's governing animal, corresponds to the 4th animal in the cycle.

The Five Elements of the Wu Xing Cycle

Additionally, each 12-year cycle of animals runs on an additional cycle corresponding to the Wu Xing cycle of the five traditional Chinese elements. These are
  1. metal
  2. fire
  3. wood
  4. water
  5. earth
  6. Wu Xing Cycle


The five elements are in balance with each other, the basis of much of feng shui. For this Lunar New Year, the governing element is Water.

Combined, each of the five elements combines with each of the 12 animals that forms a 60-year cycle.  The current 12-year cycle combines the Rabbit with the element of Water.  

Each combination in the 60-year cycle has its own attribute, combining the animal of the "earthly branch" with the element of the "heavenly stem." This year the Heavenly stem is "kuei" (or gui) and the Earthly branch is "mao"-- with the "kuei mao" (癸卯) year, known as the "Rabbit Running Through the Forest." Each 60-year combination is considered highly unique, since -- at 60 years apart, the combination of a person's birth year is at once-in-a-lifetime occurrence. Thus the last time we had a "kuei mao" year was 1963.

Finally, each element is also associated with a color. In the case of water, that color is black.

Thus, this year is the Year of the Black Water Rabbit.


Spiritual Importance of the Asian Horoscope

Many followers of the Asian zodiac have a formal religious belief in the importance of the animal element combinations associated with each year in the 60-year cycle. This is clearly the case for those practicing Taoism.

Taoist Tradition

For Taoists, the New Year is always of religious significance. This because in Taoism, the Lunar New Year's first day is a time when lesser deities or spirits are believed to ascend to the throne of the Jade Emperor (King of Heaven).  In Taoist tradition, the 12 animals were in a contest to greet the Jade Emperor; a 13th animal – the cat – was tricked by the rat (about five variations of how exist), which explains why cats have hated rats ever since.  A children's version of this story is told in an very pleasant rendition at the Topmarks education site. I encourage you to take a look at this version at 

The 12 Zodiac animals
in their race
Buddhist Tradition

The New Year is a religious event as well for a great number of the sects of Buddhism, and most famously for Tibetan and Burmese Buddhists. In Buddhist tradition, the 12 animals were in a race to do honor to Lord Buddha on the eve of his death.   

East Asian Folk Beliefs

East Asian folk beliefs are a broad grouping of folk practices that range from deeply-held religious traditions )to popular practices rooted in the local cultures. These practices are widespread, and have a far greater reach than those who claim a specific faith (Taoism or Buddhism) to those who claim a different belief or no belief at all. In Chinese, these have perhaps a dozen  names such as "Chinese ethnic religion" or mínjiān zōngjiào (族宗教) or Shenxianism or shénxiān jiào (神仙教). In Mongolian, these practices are known as Tengrism or reverence of Tengri (the Mongolian name for the Jade Emperor). In Korean, the Great Race is included in the Han'guk sinwha or Korean mythological narratives associated with Shindo (신도) ith, followed as folk practices not only by Buddhists and those claiming no religion but even among some Christian groups as a local custom.  

The strength of these folk beliefs is often difficult for those in Europe and the Americas to understand. A counterpart to the range of adherence to these folk religions put in the context of Europe and the Americas would be the broad grouping of deeply-held religious beliefs  as "Protestant" despite being separate faiths (e.g., Baptist, Unitarian, Methodist) to popular non-Christian but deeply-held semi-religious traditions (e.g., folk religion) practices rooted in the local culture such as Santa Claus, the Christmas Tree, the Easter Bunny, etc. 

Additionally, though Confucianism is not technically a religion (but rather a philosophical system), its followers also traditional observe the Lunar New Year to show reverence to their ancestors.  Because of this, even Christians and practitioners of other faiths in such countries as  as Korea, Bhutan, Mongolia or Vietnam generally celebrate the holiday. The same holds true for those people in cultures with strong Confucian customs who have no religion at all or for those with mixed traditions.

The Role of the Rabbit in the Great Race

In all of the traditions, the arrival of the animals was the same in order. In other words, in all traditions, the ox arrived second even though seeming at first to have won the race. Unable to swim across the great river at the end of the race, the rat had promised to guide the near-sighted ox in return for clinging to the ox's back across the torrent. Once safely across, though, the rat never dismounted and instead scampered onto the ox's nose to claim first place. The place order of each zodiac animal in the Great Race is significant. All 13 animals (including the cat who arrived after the race ended) had to pass over land and water to reach the Jade Emperor/Lord Buddha. 

The rabbit took fourth place in the Great Race. The rabbit's role in the Great Race exemplifies both its overconfidence and its ability to take advantage of good luck when it presents itself. The rabbit boasted that it was the fastest of the animals. The slow ox, with the rabbit's help, trained to increase its speed. The rabbit and the ox then made a pact that during the Great Race, the two animals would run together. On the day of the race, however, the rabbit broke its promise and raced far ahead of the ox. Looking back and, seeing that it was far ahead of the other animals, the rabbit decided to take a quick nap. When the rabbit awoke, it saw that it had fallen well behind many of the other animals. The rabbit then used its great speed to catch up. However, when the rabbit came to the bank of the great river, it realized that it could not swim across. Undeterred, the rabbit scanned the river and found the tips of stones sticking just about the water. The rabbit then nimbly leapt from stone to stone until it reached the middle of the river here the stones stopped. Here is when the rabbit's luck came into play, as just as the rabbit thought it would be stranded mid-river, a water-soaked log floated by. The rabbit jumped on the log which then washed ashore, with the rabbit on it. The rabbit's good luck notwithstanding, its ordeal of being stranded mid-stream affected its outlook thereafter. The result is that the rabbit from then on is conservative in action, preferring safety over a risky opportunity.

When the rabbit sprinted to the finish line, it found that it had fallen into fourth place. Even the ox whom it had abandoned, had beaten him.   The rabbit felt shame when the ox stared disdainfully down on the partner that betrayed it. The rabbit was so shamed that to this day it hides beneath the ground to avoid the condemning gaze.  

Chinese Astrology Not A Particular Accurate Term

The system discussed here is often called Chinese astrology. This is a misnomer for two reasons.  First, the holiday is far more widely observed than in just China, especially in Korea, Singapore, Bhutan, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam as well as those from these backgrounds living in other countries. 

East Asian lunar zodiac
That said, for all the culturally diverse places in which the Asian New Year is celebrated, the calendar on which it is based does have its origins in China. The first written records of the calendar and the celebration of the New Year date to China’s Shang Dynasty (1766-1050 BC), although traditionally it is believed to date back to the rule of the semi-mythical Yellow Emperor Huang Di around 2600 BC.

A second reason the phrase Chinese astrology is a misnomer is that the system really has nothing to do with constellations as astrology does in the West. It is less a reading of the stars than an interpretation of the importance of the time, date and year in which one is born.  To the extent that when one is born matters to Western-style astrology, there is a correspondence. Moreover, there is another similarity as the five elements in the system, in fact, do correspond with the five planets known in ancient China.



Tang Dynasty (8th Century), Shaanxi Archaeology Institute, Xian, China


Because of these corresponding commonalities with Western astrology, many people call the Asian system’s combinations of animals and elements the lunar or Chinese “horoscope”.  This is a bit of a misnomer, however, not only for the reasons just described but because the way in which people view the two “horoscopes” is very different.  

The difference here is that many people (although with many exceptions) in Europe, Australia and the Americas consider the Western zodiac horoscope of star signs (Scorpio, Sagittarius, etc.) to be a form of superstition, a game or something believed only partially. 

This is NOT the case with the Asian lunar horoscope cycle, where people follow their sign very seriously. As a result, the system, though it transcends that of any specific religion, should be treated with the respect accorded religious beliefs. In any case, the point here is that in a cross-cultural and inter-religious sense, the issue of lunar horoscope animal element signs should be treated with respect.

Geomancy, Feng Shui and Zodiac Consultants' Influence

The importance attributed to the predictions of the each animal affects business and political decisions for over one billion people. Among the notable masters, many have an influence among Chinese and other East Asian diaspora communities as well as a growing number of non-Asian adherents. Among the earlier populizers of East Asian zodiac forecasting were book authors such as Man-ho Kwok who published over a dozen books in English on the subject in the 1990s. 

As the Internet grew and ties with East Asian business leaders became more intertwined,  many other Masters grew in importance outside of East Asia. For example, the Trump organization and Donald Trump himself relied on the guidance of New York-based Master Pun-Yin in the building of Trump Tower. Canadian-based Paul Ng was notable already for a wide range of clients in 66 countries before his appearances on US-based CNN in 2013, US-based Bloomberg TV and Canada's CTV in 2014 made him a recognizable figure thereafter to a wide audience. Likewise Hong Kong-based Grand Master Raymond Lo has had audience's well outside of China also appearing on the BBC, CNN, "Good Morning America" more. He has carried a wide following since his prediction of the fall of the USSR's Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 and the 2000 NASDAQ collapse.    

Personality Traits and Asian Astrological Year


Year of the Rabbit sidewalk plate
Philadelphia Chinatown
Many people attribute a great deal of significance to the personality traits attributed to the animal associated with the year in which they are born. These are not something that people take lightly.


Each animal has its own traits, and then each animal and element combination has their own subtraits. These are explained later in the blog.

As with all Asian Lunar zodiac animals, Rabbit people have both positive and negative attributes. 

Positive Rabbit Traits

Rabbit people (and thus the effects of the Year of the Rabbit) are associated with a strong but steady approach. As  Master Pun-yin puts it: "The Rabbit is diplomatic and calm. Artistic, sensitive, and moody at times, the Rabbit is gracious, good mannered, and personable. The Rabbit is popular but frequently needs some alone time to recharge. Lucky in business and career, possibly because of their good negotiating skills. Rabbit can hide a cunning mind behind a placid exterior." Some debate exists regarding whether Rabbit people are succeed because they are lucky or are lucky because they are conservative in their choices and are uncomfortable with risky enterprises.

 

Rabbit people are famous for trusting their intelligence and imagination. They are innately creative while cautious in what they create. They thrive on maintaining a harmonious environment. As Man-Ho Kwok in his book on Chinese Astrology puts it, Rabbit people "instinctively want to create a peaceful and comfortable atmosphere... [making the Rabbit] a very hospitable host, attentive to the needs of others, ensuring that they do not feel isolated or neglected."  (p. 18)  

Rabbit Pendant,
Western Zhou Dynasty, 10th Century BCE
Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida



builds on this, noting that Tiger people:

are excited by new challenges, unusual places, and unexpected events... Your attention is caught by the unpredictable, and while others may be cautious, you are not afraid to explore the potential in unlikely situations. (p. 16). 

 

Finally, rabbits are considered beautiful... or in Japan, the quintessentially kawaii (adorably cute). Nowhere is this more apparent than in Kyoto's Okazaki Shrine, devoted entirely to enormously kawaii rabbits. 

 

Kawaii rabbit, Okasaki Shrine, Kyoto

Negative Rabbit Traits

The negative side of Rabbit people is the flip-side of their caution. As Moon-ho Kwok explains, Rabbit people are famously uncomfortable expressing disagreement or dissent:
When faced with a dilemma or if you a just feeling low, you tend to keep your thoughts well hidden in the belief that it is not appropriate for you to make demands or force your opinions on others. (p. 18)
 Relatedly, Rabbit people tend to lack ambition and find safety in bureaucracy and other social safety nets.
 

Compatibility With Other Signs


 
Rabbit people are liked by most. The only sign incompatible with the Rabbit is the attention-seeking Rooster. All other Zodiac signs like and are liked by the Rabbit.  The most compatible of all signs for the Rabbit are the Dog and the Goat/Ram/Sheep. The Dog's dependability and loyalty play well with the Rabbit's need for security, while the Rabbit's ability to soothe others' emotions puts at rest the jealousy common among Dog people. The Rabbit and Goat/Ram/Sheep work well as both are creative. The Rabbit makes the Goat/Ram/Sheep's dreaming and unrealistic fancies into a more conservative realm, while the Rabbit is inspired and amused by the Goat/Ram/Sheep's whimsical ideas and imaginative flourishes. Interestingly, even though the Rabbit betrayed the Ox in the Great Race, the two remain compatible because both crave security and planning ahead.  
 
 

Famous Rabbit People
 

 

Rabbit People's intelligence and creativity result in their disproportionate number in creative activities and areas of great intelligence and planning. Their ability to smooth over people's hurt feelings and maintain harmony also lead them into leadership roles. Their quick wit results in many comic actors and comedians. Finally, their athletic abilities and speed result in a great number of athletes. 

Famous Rabbit People Thinkers, Creators and Scientists 
  • Marie Skłodowska Curie, Polish and French double Nobel Laureate, once in Physics (in 1903, the first ever to a woman in any field) and once in Chemistry (in 1911), who pioneered the field of radioactivity (a word she coined)
  • Albert Einstein, German-born American physicist, Nobel Laureate and Creator of the Theory of Relativity
  • James Franklin Hyde, US inventor credited with creating the silicone industry 
  • Anatoly Karpov, Russian Chess Grandmaster
  • Garry Kasparov, Russian Chess Grandmaster and political activist 
  • Louis Leakey, Kenyan-British Paleoanthropologist and archaeologist
  • Cecil Frank Powell, UK physicist and Nobel laureate, and discoverer of the pion subatomic particle  
  • Adam Smith, whose The Wealth of Nations founded capitalism and revolutionized the study of economics
  • Benjamin Spock, US pediatrician whose Baby and Child Care became the best-selling child care book of all time
  • John von Neumann, Hungarian American mathematician, early computer scientist (creator of the Von Neumann architecture_) inventor of Von Neumann universal constructor (the first self-replicating machine), and key figure in game theory
  • Ye Rongguang, China's first ever chess grandmaster
  • Karl Zener, US perceptual psychologist, creator of the Zener Cards used to research extrasensory perception in a scientific setting

Famous Rabbit People -- Business
Famous Rabbit People -- World Leaders and Politicians

Famous Rabbit People -- Writers

Famous Rabbit People -- Visual Arts
Famous Rabbit People -- Athletes
  • David Beckham, English soccer great
  • Maria Bueno, Brazilian tennis great who, with 19 Grand Slam titles, is the most successful Latin American female tennis player
  • Lou Gehrig, baseball great, the first MLB player to have his uniform number retired 
  • Michael Jordan, widely considered the best basketball player in history
  • Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis great, Olympic silver medalist, and the only Russian to have won tennis' Grand Slam  
Famous Rabbit People -- Singers, Rappers and Musicians
  • Coolio, US rapper best known for his Gangsta's Paradise
  • Bing Crosby, US crooner and actor whose "White Christmas" is the best-selling single of all time (according the Guinness Book of World Records) with over 50 million sold
  • Marvin Gaye, US R&B singer songwriter known as the "Prince of Motown"
  • Billie Holiday, jazz great singer with four Grammy Awards and known as "Lady Day"
  • Whitney Houston, US singer and actress, among the best-selling female singers of all time with over 2 million records sold
  • Kendrick Lamar, US Grammy Award winning rapper, and first rapper to win the Pulitzer Prize for music (in 2018)
  • Edith Piaf, France's most-widely known chanteuse, whose signature song "La Vie En Rose" is one of the most widely covered songs in music
  • Leontyne Price, US opera singer and first African American soprano to receive international recognition
  • Frank Sinatra, US best-selling singer and Oscar-winning actor
  • Sting, UK singer, songwriter and actor with 17 Grammy Awards, an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award and four Oscar nominations
  • Lawrence Welk, US bandleader and TV variety show star
Famous Rabbit People -- Actors, Comedians, Directors and Filmmakers
  • Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress with three Oscars, four Golden Globes and a Tony Award, often consider among the most influential actresses of all time
  • Francis Ford Coppola, US director and screenwriter, with 14 Oscars (out of 55 nominations) and 10 Golden Globes (out of 42 nominations), whose Godfather trilogy remade the concept of crime movies
  • Johnny Depp, Golden-Globe-winning US actor
  • Ethel Barrymore, known as the "First Lady of American Theater" for her dominance of stage, radio and eventually movies in the first half of the 20th Century 
  • Bob Hope, UK-born US comedian and actor
  • Angelina Jolie, US Oscar-winning actress and humanitarian activist
  • Brad Pitt, US Oscar-winning actor and producer
  • Sidney Poitier, Bahamian-born actor, who was the first black person to win an Academy Award (for 1963 Lillies of the Field) as well as an Honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement in 2001, winner of the 2009 US Presidential Award of Freedom and more
  • Will Rogers, US comedian and social commentator
  • Orson Welles, US actor, director, screenwriter and producer, whose first film, Citizen Kane (1941) which he wrote, directed and starred in, is consistently ranked among the best films ever made
  • Robin Williams, US comedian and actor, winner of six Golden Globes, five Grammy Awards and two prime-time Emmy Awards with four Oscar nominations (including one win for Good Will Hunting)
  • Donnie Yen, Hong Kong actor, mixed martial arts master and director, who is among the most influential figures in Asian action films and often given credit for bringing mixed martial arts to a wide audience throughout Asia


Whatever your outcome for the year, Happy Year of the Black Water Rabbit!


Bunnies and tiger painted on outside side wall of Front Temple, 
Sesimsa Temple, Chungcheongnam Province, South Korea





Clip Art Sources:




Yin Yang animation: http://www.eharrishome.com/Kungfu.html


The 12 Zodiac animals in their race:  http://media.photobucket.com/image/recent/firefoxthief/zodiaccolor.jpg'


Year of the Rabbit  sidewalk plate, Philadelphia Chinatown: Own photograph

Rabbit Pendant, Western Zhou Dynasty, 10th Century BCE Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, Florida, https://medium.com/norton-museum-of-art/the-chinese-year-of-the-ox-727059b7e442
 

Bunnies and tiger painted on outside side wall of Front Temple, Sesimsa Temple, Chungcheongnam Province, South Korea: Own photograph

Want to Learn More

 
For more on the Asian Zodiac and Astrology in General, please see:


Richard Craze, Handbook of Chinese Astrology, Lorenz Books, 2013.

Man-ho Kwok, Chinese Astrology: Forecast Your Future from Your Chinese Horoscope, Tuttle Publishing, 1997.

Theodora Lau and Laura Lau, The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes (7th edition), Collins Reference, 2010.

Susan Levitt and Jean Tang, Taoist Astrology: A Handbook of the Authentic Chinese Tradition, Destiny Books, 1997.

David W. Pankenier, Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Neil Somerville, Your Chinese Horoscope for Each and Every Year, Harper Thomsons, 2017.

Ruth Q. Sun and Norma Sun, Asian Animal Zodiac, Tuttle Publishing, 2012.

Xiaochun Sun, "Crossing the Boundaries Between Heaven and Man: Astronomy in Ancient China," in Astronomy Across Cultures, ed. Helaine Selin and adv. ed. Sun Xiaochun: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

David Twicken, Five Element Chinese Astrology Made Easy, iUniverse, 2000.

Derek Walters, The Complete Guide to Chinese Astrology, Watkins Publishing, 2005.

Suzanne White, The New Chinese Astrology, Thomas Dunne Books, 2015.

Charles Alfred Speed Williams. Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs (2000), New York: Castle Books.

Shelly Wu, Chinese Astrology: Exploring the Eastern Zodiac, New Page Books, 2005.

Shelly Wu, The Definitive Book of Chinese Astrology, Weiser, 2010.

Zhongzian Wu, The 12 Chinese Animals: Create Harmony in your Daily Life through Ancient Chinese Wisdom, Singing Dragon Press, 2010.

Zhongzian Wu and Karin Taylor Wu, Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches: The Heart of Chinese Wisdome Traditions, Singing Dragon Press, 2016.

Master Pun-Yin, "Chinese Zodiac," https://www.punyin.com/feng-shui/chinese-zodiac/index.html

Ho-Peng Yoke, Chinese Mathematical Astrology: Reaching Out to the Stars, Routledge, 2003. This is the pre-eminent book on the mathematical science of Asian lunar horoscope calculations. It is downloadable at http://www.ebook3000.com/Chinese-Mathematical-Astrology--Reaching-out-for-the-stars--Needham-Research-Institute-Series-_130932.html




For general popular websites on Asian Astrology and the Zodiac, please see:

China Voc.com "Zodiac" http://www.chinavoc.com/zodiac/index.asp

Chinese Fortune Calendar http://www.chinesefortunecalendar.com/5EBasic.htm

Chinese Horoscope-e.com, "Basic Chinese Horoscope," http://chinesehoroscop-e.com/index.html

Malaysia Site, "Chinese New Year,"  http://www.malaysiasite.nl/newyear.htm

Online Chinese Astrology http://www.onlinechineseastrology.com/

Topmarks Education, "Zodiac Story, Chinese New Year."  http://www.topmarks.co.uk/ChineseNewYear/ZodiacStory.aspx

"Your Chinese Astrology": https://www.yourchineseastrology.com/

Monday, September 21, 2020

Autumnal Equinox 2023: Mabon, Higan, East Asian Moon Festival, and Chuseok


For 2023, the Autumnal Equinox falls on Friday, September 22 (at least in the Northern Hemisphere). 

The Autumnal Equinox is a holiday in several traditions. In Wicca, neo-Druidic and neo-Pagan traditions, it is celebrated as Mabon, Alban Elfed or Mea'n Fo'mhair. 

In several East Asian Buddhist traditions, the Autumnal equinox is celebrated as the Moon Festival. In Japanese Buddhist tradition, it is celebrated as Shūbun no hi 秋分の日,one of two Higan (お彼岸), the other being at the Spring Equinox. In Japan it is an official state holiday, but in keeping with the separation of state and religion in Japan, the official name is called Shūbun no hi (お彼岸) or Autumnaal Equinox Day. In Chinese and Vietnamese Buddhist tradition, it is celebrated as the Moon Festival Zōngqiū Jié in Chinese and Tết Trung Thu in Vietnamese. In Korea, the holiday lasts three days and is known as Chuseok (한가위) or "the eve of Autumn." In the East Asian traditions, the holiday may be celebrated at dates varying from the actual equinox and may run for several days. In 2023, for instance both Zōngqiū Jié and Tết Trung Thu falls on September 29. In Korea, Chuseok in 2023 runs from September 29 through September 30. 

While this is a significant holiday for all of  these faiths, it is not a day that would normally require the absence from class or work of faculty, staff or students. That said, those asking for accommodation should be allowed.

WICCAN, NEO-DRUIDIC AND NEO-PAGAN TRADITIONS

In neo-Druidic, neo-Pagan and Wiccan traditions, the Autumnal Equinox is viewed as a Major Sabbath. In all of these traditions, the holiday is celebrated as a harvest festival and as a time to recognize the balance in all things.  

A Wiccan Mabon altar
In all of these traditions, Autumn Equinox altars are set up that represent the balance of light and dark as well as the thankfulness for the harvest. Symbols of the balance of light and dark are placed on the altar (black and white objects of equal size and hanging balances). Symbols of the season on the altar typically reflect the fall colors (oranges, yellows and browns), the end of the harvest (sheaves of wheat, corn husks) and the bounty of the autumn harvest (squash, pumpkin, fall fruits). In some traditions (notably in Wicca), tools of the harvest (scythes and sickles) are also placed on the altar.  
MEA'N FO'MHAIR
Green Man of the Forest
For neo-Druids and some pagans, the Autumnal Equinox is celebrated as Mea'n Fo'mhair. In this tradition, neo-Druids gather in wooded areas and give offerings of the fall harvest (not only of berries but also of pine cones, acorns, apples and cider) to honor the Green Man of the Forest.   Such woodland harvest offerings are still practiced by neo-Druids and modern pagan (largely in England, Scotland and Ireland but with increasing practice in the US, Canada and New Zealand). 

ALBAN ELFED

In other neo-Pagan traditions (and notably in the Welsh tradition), the holiday has been known for centuries as Alban Elfed or the “Light of the Sun.” In this tradition, the same sort of offerings are proferred but to “The Lady” who is also called the “Spirit of the Land.”
MABON

In Wicca and neo-Pagan traditions the Autumnal Equinox is known as Mabon. This is one of the four Major Sabbats in the eight points of the Wheel of the Year. Mabon marks the time at which day and night are in total balance, and is accompanied by personal efforts of members of these faith to find a similar balance in their lives. 




Mabon is primarily a Wiccan name for the Autumnal Equinox. Other names used by Wiccans and others include the Harvest Moon  or the Harvest Home.  

Unlike the ancient names of Mea'n Fo'mhair and Alban Elfed, the Wiccan version of the holiday has been called Mabon only since the latter half of the 20th Century. Unlike many other Wiccan holidays, no corresponding name exists in ancient pagan traditions. Instead, the name was coined by the US Wiccan leader Aidan Kelley soon after the formation in 1967 of the NROOGD (New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn), one of the most important popularizers of the Wiccan faith.Kelley’s adoption of the name Mabon was to honor the early Welsh pagan divine son deity Mabon fab Mellt.
 CELEBRATION PRACTICES  
Both in ancient Druidic tradition and in modern neo-Druidic, pagan and Wiccan practice, offerings are often proffered in a horn of plenty called a cornucopia. As a result, Cornucopia is another name some practitioners use for the holiday. 

In Wicca, the holiday recognizes balance in all things. Mabon altars are set with symbols of balance as well the autumn harvest.

It should be noted that while the name Mabon has been growing in popularity in the UK and Ireland, many neo-Druids strongly oppose the term as a neologism. As a result, while it would be appropriate to wish a Wiccan a “Happy Mabon,” this may not be as appreciated for some neo-Druids and modern pagans.
RELATIONSHIP TO CHRISTIANITY'S MICHAELMAS

Archangel Michael trampling Satan
by Guido Reni (1636)
When Christianity first spread in the Celtic regions, the Roman Catholic Church attempted to syncretize existing pagan practices by co-opting the celebration of the Autumnal Equinox with a Christian overlay. 
To this end, the Church placed great emphasis on Michaelmas which, falling on September 29, came near the same time.  In this co-opting Catholic tradition, the Archangel Michael came to represent the power of light over darkness, an important attribute as the length of daylight began to shorten. 
Today, religious services honoring the Archangel Michael are still practiced in some Roman Catholic, Episcopalian and Lutheran congregations, especially in the United Kingdom. A folk custom still in evidence in the parts of the British Isles warns that it is unlucky to harvest blackberries after Michaelmas, as they have been cursed at that time by Lucifer.This custom that it is unlucky to harvest in the woods most likely has its origin in the woodland offerings of the autumnal harvest in pre-Christian Britain described above.

EAST ASIAN BUDDHIST TRADITIONS 
In Japanese, Chinese and Vietnamese Buddhist traditions, the Autumnal Equinox is celebrated as a significant festival, centered on the moon. It is sometimes called the Moon Festival as a result.
HIGAN
Higan is the Japanese celebration of the equinoxes. Higan is celebrated at both the Autumnal Equinox and the Vernal (Spring) Equinox. On both days, the holiday is an official public holiday in Japan. Buddhists of all major sects in Japan observe Higan. 

Emperor Shomu
The holiday has its origins with the institution of worship on that day by the 8th Century Japanese Emperor Shomu. The first official records of its celebration date to the year 806 CE when the government of Japan required all priests in Kokubun-ji temples to recite the Diamond Sutra at the Autumnal Equinox. Higan is also traditionally one of the days for the beginning of pilgrimages among the country's temples by the devout. 
Higan in Japanese literally means "the Other Shore." The term can refer to crossing to the other shore from the material world (i.e., to Enlightenment). The term can also refer to the transitory nature of the the material world (as all things are impermanent and must die, thus crossing to the other shore).
In Japan, Higan is traditionally a day for honoring the graves of the dead. The Guide to Japanese Buddhism of the Japanese Buddhist Federation explains:
During this period, it is customary for Buddhists throughout the country to visit temples and graves. They bring flowers, incense, water or their favorite food to be offered to the deceased and greet them with refreshed minds to report on their well-being.

Traditionally, Japanese Buddhists decorate the graves with the red spider lilies (lycoris radiata) whose Japanese name higanbana literally means "Higanflower."


Japanese higanbana
CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE MOON FESTIVAL
The Autumnal Equinox is celebrated as the Moon Festival or Moon-Cake Festival in Chinese and Vietnamese traditons. In both countries, the holiday is an official day off. Also in both countries, the holiday dates back thousands of years.
Vietnamese Moon Festival Lion Dancers
In Vietnam, the holiday is called Tết Trung Thu. The holiday focuses in large part on children, and has its origins in giving parents the opportunity to be with their children after long periods out of their company during the traditional harvest time. Because of this, the holiday is often called the "Children's Holiday."

Tết Trung Thu is the second most important in the year after Tet. In China, the holiday is also given considerable importance. The holiday is particularly marked by the traditional Lion Dance with lion dancers going door to door asking to dance. These are often performed by children, although professional lion dancers are a part of main events.

Chang-E's flight to the moon
In China, the holiday is known as Zōngqiū Jié. In Chinese tradition, the holiday has its origins in the tale of the mythical Chang-E who ate her husband's dangerous elixir to save him, and flew to the moon as a consequence where she became the moon goddess. As with Vietnamese traditions, the Moon Festival is tied to the Fall Harvest.

While the origins of the Chinese Moon Festival predates historical records, the first known observances go back to at least the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE).

In many Han Chinese traditions, sacrifices are made to the moon. In many Chinese ethnic minorities, unique customs are practiced. For example, among the Dong people, there is a custom of "stealing" harvested vegetables and fruit (this is, however, only symbolically stolen as these are set out for the purpose). The Bouyei people worship the Moon Grandmother, and bring rice cakes to her shrine. The Maonan people put incense in a hanging grapefruit, to represent the moon. Finally, in some Mongolian traditions, there are practices centered on chasing the moon. 
In all traditions, the festival celebrates the autumnal harvest. As the name Moon-Cake Festival suggests, it is customary to eat Moon Cakes at this time.


 Vietnamese Banh trung thu
In Vietnam, Moon Cakes are called banh trung thu and are made up of ground beans, lotus and egg yolks. These are sold at street corners throughout Vietnam and made at home as well. A recipe for banh trung thu  can be found on the Viet World Kitchen site at:

http://www.vietworldkitchen.com/blog/2009/10/how-to-make-moon-cakes-banh-trung-thu.html


CHUSEOK

For Koreans, Chuseok is a major holiday. The holiday is celebrated much like the US Thanksgiving, with family gatherings and large meals. The holiday, however, has a more Confucianist aspect as well centered on three traditions: Charye (차레),  Beolcho (벌초), and Seongmyo (성묘).
Charye involves eating special foods that are set on one table for one's dead ancestors (called a Charyesang) and on another table for the living descendants who have gathered for the festival.
Charyesang

Traditionally, Koreans bow twice toward the table of the dead and once toward the elders among the living. This is no ordinary bow, though, but rather one in which those bowing kneel and then place their foreheads on the ground.  Generally during Charye, people choose a specific deceased ancestor to whom to pay particular respect. People write the name of the ancestor on a piece of special paper and burn it. After this, the window is opened for the spirits of the ancestors to join them.
The other two traditions take place at the graves of one's ancestors. Beolcho comes the day before Charye, and involves grass trimming, grave cleaning and clearing away of leaves or dirt. The day after Charye is when Seongmyo takes place. This involves bowing to the cleaned grave sites and honoring one's ancestors. 
CONCLUSION

As always in these write-ups, I welcome your feedback. This in no way endorses one practice or another. It is merely meant to be informational.

Please feel free to send me corrections or things you would like me to include next time (and feel equally free to let me know if you find these worthwhile). 
May you have a balance in your life on this Autumnal Equinox and a happy Moon Festival!


WANT TO READ MORE?
On Wiccan, neo-Pagan and neo-Druidic traditions:

Celtic Druid School, "Autumn Equinox": 
http://www.druidschool.com/site/1030100/page/874527
Crystal Links, "Autumn Equinox -- Mabon": http://www.crystalinks.com/autumn.html
Mabon 2023: A Witch's Guide to Embracing and Celebrating the Harvest," Moonfall Metaphysics, https://www.moonfallmetaphysical.com/s/stories/mabon-2023
Mystic Familiar, "Alban Elfed -- Autumn Equinox": http://www.mysticfamiliar.com/library/witchcraft/alban_lfed.html

Sagento A, Spell Research, "A Mabon Outline": http://spellresearch.com/spellbook/1993/10/12/a-mabon-outline.html

Wicca Chat, "Mabon": http://www.wicca-chat.com/witch_sabats/mabon.htm

Wiggington, Patti, About.com -- Paganism/Wicca, "All About Mabon, the Autumn Equinox": http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/mabontheautumnequinox/a/AllAboutMabon.htm

On Higan

Japanese Buddhist Federation, Guide to Japanese Buddhism, "Major Japanese Buddhist Festivals":http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon_partII.html 

Zenku Smyers, Zen Buddhist Temple of Chicago,  "The Other Shore": http://www.zbtc.org/downloads/zenku-othershore.html

Time and Date, "September Equinox Customs": http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/september-equinox-customs.html

On the Moon Festival

China Culture, About.com, "The Moon Festival": http://chineseculture.about.com/library/weekly/aa093097.htm

Michael Tartaski, Holidaysia, "Tet Trung Thu 2013 – Vietnam’s Mid-Autumn Festival": http://www.holidaysia.com/events/tet-trung-thu/

Passion Vietnam, "Full Moon (Mid-Autumn) Festival": http://www.passionvietnamtravel.com/en/nord-du-viet-nam/full-moon-mid-autumn-festival.html

Travel China Guide, "Mid-Autumn Festivals": http://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/holidays/mid-autumn.htm

Fang Yang, Xinhua News Agency, "The Mid-Autumn Festival and Its Traditions": http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2011-09/12/c_131134150.htm

On Chuseok
Chuseok.org, "Chuseok 2020", https://www.chuseok.info/customs/
Imagine Your Korea, "Traditional Korean Holiday of Bountiful Harvest, Chuseok," https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=811650
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